Table 1.

Mean data of the co mplex mapping population and six parents for different seedling-establishment, root, plant morphological, yield, and yield-contributing traits under dry direct-seeded conditions.

RGR1: relative growth rate from 15 to 22 DAS, RGR2: relative growth rate from 22 to 29 DAS, RGR3: relative growth rate from 15 to 29 DAS, NR1: number of nodal roots at 15 DAS, NR2: number of nodal roots at 22 DAS, NR3: number of nodal roots at 29 DAS, RL1: maximum root length (cm) at 15 DAS, RL2: maximum root length (cm) at 22 DAS, RHL: root hair length, RHD: root hair density, LCC: leaf color chart, SPAD: chlorophyll content, FLL: flag-leaf length, FLW: flag-leaf width, FLA: flag-leaf area, FLAngle: flag-leaf angle, DTFirst: days to first emergence, DTFull: days to full emergence, SD: stem diameter (mm), CD: culm diameter (mm), BS: bending strength (kg cm), BM: bending moment (kg cm²), PHT: plant height (cm), DTF: days to 50% flowering (days), BMF: biomass at 50% flowering (g), NPT: number of productive tillers, PL: panicle length (cm), NFG/P: number of filled grains/panicle, 1000 GW: 1000-grain weight (g), SY: straw yield (kg ha⁻¹), GY: grain yield (kg ha⁻¹), H: broad-sense heritability.

NS: non-significant, *significant at <0.05 level, **significant at <0.01 level, *significant at <0.001 level.