Table 1.
Eligible data sets
| Study | Study design | Study date(s) | Country | Setting | Mean age | % Male | Study population | MRSA + | % | 95% CIs | Col/Inf |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goldstein et al. 1996 [55] | P cohort | 1993–1994 | USA | Ipat | NR | 68 | 25 | 5 | 20.0 | 6.83–40.70 | DFI |
| Tentolouris et al. 1999 [57] | Retro | NR | UK | Opat | 61.5 | NR | 75 | 12 | 16.0 | 8.55–26.28 | DFI |
| El-Tahawy 2000 [51] | Retro | 1997–1999 | Saudi Arabia | Ipat | NR | 57 | 111 | 9 | 8.12 | 3.78–14.83 | DFI |
| Saxena et al. 2002 [32] | P cohort | 1996–1999 | Saudi Arabia | Ipat (HD) | 47.5* | 45.7* | 58 | 12 | 20.69 | 11.17–33.35 | Col (N) |
| Ge et al. 2002 [54] | RCT | NR | USA | Opat | NR | NR | 812 | 37 | 4.56 | 3.23–6.23 | DFI |
| Von Baum et al. 2002 [36] | P cohort | 1999–2002 | Germany | Com (NH) | 81.2* | 29.5* | 328 | 5 | 1.52 | 0.50–3.52 | Col (N) |
| Dang et al. 2003 [49] | Retro | 2000–2001 | UK | Opat | NR | NR | 63 | 19 | 30.16 | 19.23–43.03 | DFI |
| Hartemann-Heurtier et al. 2004 [56] | P cohort | NR | France | Ipat | 65 | 75 | 180 | 29 | 16.11 | 11.06–22.31 | DFI |
| Lipsky et al. 2005 [59] | P cohort | 1999–2001 | Int | Ipat | 61.5 | 54 | 103 | 5 | 4.85 | 1.60–10.97 | DFI |
| Shankar et al. 2005 [66] | P cohort | 2003–2004 | India | Ipat | 63 | 59.7 | 77 | 8 | 10.39 | 4.59–19.45 | DFI |
| Daeschlein et al. 2006 [22] | P cohort | 2003 | Germany | Com (NH) | 77.6* | 16.2* | 175 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00–2.09 | Col (N) |
| Gadepalli et al. 2006 [52] | P cohort | NR | India | Ipat | 53.9 | 85 | 80 | 14 | 17.50 | 9.91–27.62 | DFI |
| Sharma et al. 2006 [67] | Retro | 2004–2005 | Nepal | Ipat | 61 | 55.8 | 43 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00–8.22 | DFI |
| Citron et al. 2007 [47] | Retro | 2001–2004 | USA | Ipat | NR | NR | 433 | 48 | 11.09 | 8.29–14.43 | DFI |
| Stanaway et al. 2007 [41] | P cohort | NR | UK | Opat | 61 | 61 | 65 | 12 | 18.46 | 9.92–30.03 | DFI |
| Stanaway et al. 2007 continued | 11 | 16.92 | 8.76–28.27 | Col (N) | |||||||
| Gorwitz et al. 2008 [21] | P cohort | 2003–2004 | USA | Com | NR | 49 | 1125 | 18 | 1.60 | 0.95–2.52 | Col (N) |
| Nather et al. 2008 [62] | P cohort | 2005–2006 | Singapore | Ipat | 60 | 50 | 122 | 7 | 5.74 | 2.34–11.47 | DFI |
| Richard et al. 2008 [78] | P cohort | 2003–2004 | France | Ipat | 68 | 69.7 | 188 | 37 | 19.68 | 14.25–26.09 | DFI |
| Aragon-Sanchez et al. 2008 [44] | Retro | 2002–2007 | Spain | I, O | 64.7 | 62.7 | 185 | 35 | 19.89 | 14.26–26.56 | DFI |
| Maghsoudi et al. 2008 [84] | P cohort | 2000–2006 | Iran | Ipat | 53.4 | 40.4 | 94 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00–3.85 | Inf (Burns) |
| Sotto et al. 2008 [76] | P cohort | 2004–2007 | France | Ipat | 68 | 61 | 513 | 48 | 9.36 | 6.98–12.21 | DFI |
| Garazi et al. 2009 [38] | Cross-sectional | NR | USA | Com (NH) | 83.4* | 26.7* | 51 | 18 | 35.29 | 22.43–49.93 | Col (N) |
| Galkowska et al. 2009 [53] | P cohort | 2006–2007 | Poland | I, O | 58 | 75.75 | 50 | 13 | 26.00 | 14.63–40.35 | DFI |
| Lipsky et al. 2010 [60] | Retro | 2003–2007 | USA | Ipat | 60 (med) | 64 | 2220 | 165 | 7.43 | 6.38–8.60 | DFI |
| Lipsky et al. 2010 continued | 61 (med) | 54.6 | 810 | 78 | 9.63 | 7.69–11.87 | nfSSTI | ||||
| Raju et al. 2010 [83] | P cohort | 2004 | India | I, O | NR | NR | 110 | 14 | 12.73 | 7.14–20.43 | Inf (NS) |
| Wang et al. 2010 [72] | Retro | 2004–2006 | China | Ipat | 60.8 | 57.6 | 118 | 21 | 17.80 | 11.37–25.91 | DFI |
| Changchien et al. 2011 [79] | Retro | 2004–2008 | Taiwan | Ipat | 57.9 | 64 | 155 | 35 | 22.58 | 16.26–29.98 | NF |
| Lipsky et al. 2011 [81] | Retro | Mixed | Int | Ipat | NR | NR | 868 | 349$ | 40.21 | 36.93–43.56 | nfSSTI |
| Lu et al. 2011 [3] | P cohort | 2009 | Taiwan | ED | NR | 53.4* | 124 | 9 | 7.26 | 3.37–13.33 | Col (N) |
| Schechter-Perkins et al. 2011 [33] | P cohort | 2009–2010 | USA | ED | 41* | 47* | 51 | 6 | 11.77 | 4.44–23.87 | Col (N, Ph, H, G, P, W, C) |
| Tascini et al. 2011 [69] | P cohort | 2006–2008 | Italy | Opat | NR | NR | 1295 | 76 | 5.87 | 4.65–7.29 | DFI |
| Kutlu et al. 2012 [29] | P cohort | 2006–2009 | Turkey | Opat | 56.28 | 46.4 | 304 | 30 | 9.87 | 6.76–13.79 | Col (N) |
| Mendes et al. 2012 [61] | P cohort | 2010 | Portugal | I, O | 62.7 | 42.9 | 49 | 25 | 51.02 | 36.34–65.58 | DFI |
| Acharya et al. 2013 [42] | Retro | 2003–2008 | UK | Opat | 66.2 | 66.9 | 130 | 20 | 15.39 | 9.66–22.76 | DFI |
| Djahmi et al. 2013 [50] | P cohort | 2011–2012 | Algeria | Ipat | 64* | 62.3* | 128 | 73 | 57.03 | 47.99–65.74 | DFI |
| Fowler and Ilyas 2013 [80] | Retro | 2005–2010 | USA | Ipat | NR | NR | 82 | 32 | 39.02 | 28.44–50.43 | nfSSTI |
| Gupta et al. 2013 [24] | Retro | 2008–2010 | USA | Ipat | NR | 95.7* | 5019 | 554* | 11.04 | 10.18–11.94 | Col (N) |
| Haleem et al. 2013 [25] | Cross-sectional | NR | USA | I, O | 55 | 64 | 79 | 7 | 8.86 | 3.64–17.41 | Col (N) |
| Haleem et al. 2013 continued | 7 | 8.86 | 3.64–17.41 | DFI | |||||||
| Parriott and Arah 2013 [82] | Retro | NR | USA | Ipat | NR | 0 | 28,949 | 17 | 0.06 | 0.03–0.09 | Inf (NS) |
| Torres and Sampathkumar 2013 [34] | Mixed | 2008 | USA | Ipat | Nr | NR | 336 | 33 | 9.82 | 6.86–13.52 | Col (N) |
| Ahmed et al. 2014 [43] | P cohort | 2007–2010 | Egypt | Ipat | 44.4* | N/A | 52 | 9 | 17.31 | 8.23–30.33 | DFI |
| Hennessey et al. 2014 [85] | P cohort | 2000–2011 | USA | Ipat | 55* (med) | 50.5* | 54 | 15 | 27.78 | 16.46–41.64 | Inf (Abdo) |
| Lavery et al. 2014 [58] | Retro | NR | USA | Ipat | 59.55 | NR | 57 | 17 | 29.83 | 18.43–43.40 | DFI |
| Yeoh et al. 2014 [35] | Retro | 2010–2011 | Singapore | Ipat (HD) | 59.1* | 54.5 | 139 | 25 | 17.99 | 11.99–25.40 | Col (N, A, G) |
| Cervantes-Garcia et al. 2015 [46] | P cohort | 2012–2013 | Mexico | I, O | 52.5 | 55 | 100 | 34 | 34.00 | 24.82–44.15 | DFI |
| Cheng et al. 2015 [14] | Retro | 1997–2013 | Taiwan | Ipat | 58.8* | 67* | 84 | 6 | 7.14 | 2.67–14.90 | NF |
| Commons et al. 2015 [48] | P cohort | 2012–2013 | Australia | Ipat | 54.4 | 60 | 177 | 77 | 43.50 | 36.08–51.15 | DFI |
| Daeschlein et al. 2015 [23] | Retro | 2006–2010 | Germany | Ipat | 59* | NR | 1138 | 30 | 2.64 | 1.79–3.74 | Col (N) |
| Hart et al. 2015 [26] | P cohort | 2008–2011 | Australia | Com | 65.1 | 53.1 | 660 | 8 | 1.21 | 0.53–2.37 | Col (N, A) |
| Jayarani and Sundarji 2015 [27] | Retro | 2014–2015 | Sri Lanka | Ipat | NR | 70 | 100 | 40 | 40.00 | 30.33–50.28 | Col (N) |
| Kao et al. 2015 [37] | P cohort | 2008–2010 | Taiwan | Ipat | 69.4* | 62.7* | 376 | 78 | 20.75 | 16.76–25.20 | Inf (NS) |
| Kao et al. 2015 continued | 66 | 17.55 | 13.84–21.78 | Col (N) | |||||||
| Karadag-Oncel et al. 2015 [28] | P cohort | 2005 and 2013 | Turkey | Opat | 12.1 | 61.5 | 235 | 2 | 0.85 | 0.10–3.04 | Col (N) |
| Lipsky et al. 2015 [77] | Retro | 2011–2013 | Int | I, O | 61.7 | 57.2 | 201 | 83 | 41.29 | 34.41–48.44 | DFI |
| Saltoglu et al. 2015 [64] | Retro | 2011–2013 | Turkey | I, O | 61 (med) | 68 | 455 | 7 | 1.54 | 0.62–3.14 | DFI |
| Bravo-Molina et al. 2016 [45] | P cohort | 2009–2013 | Spain | Ipat | 66 | 80 | 131 | 20 | 15.27 | 9.58–22.59 | DFI |
| Gleeson et al. 2016 [13] | P cohort | NR | Ireland | Ipat | 69* | 55* | 45 | 10 | 22.22 | 11.21–37.09 | Col (N, P, W, C) |
| Reveles et al. 2016 [63] | Retro | 2010–2014 | USA | Ipat | 52 (med) | 69 | 318 | 47 | 14.78 | 11.07–19.17 | DFI |
| Shettigar et al. 2016 [68] | P cohort | 2011–2012 | India | Ipat | 60.5 | 72.5 | 200 | 52 | 26.00 | 20.07–32.66 | DFI |
| Ashong et al. 2017 [74] | Retro | 2011–2015 | USA | Ipat | 65 (med) | NR | 158 | 31 | 19.62 | 13.74–26.68 | DFI |
| Dunyach-Remy et al. 2017 [40] | P cohort | 2010–2012 | France | Ipat | 68.5 | 72.5 | 276 | 17 | 6.16 | 3.63–9.68 | DFI |
| Dunyach-Remy et al. 2017 continued | 18 | 6.52 | 3.91–10.11 | Col (N) | |||||||
| Lin et al. 2017 [39] | Cross-sectional | 2014–15 | China | Com | 66.13 | 30.43 | 529 | 22 | 4.16 | 2.62–6.23 | Col (N) |
| Shah et al. 2017 [65] | Cross-sectional | 2014–15 | Pakistan | Ipat | 42.2 | 51.4 | 140 | 33 | 23.57 | 16.82–31.48 | DFI |
| Wu et al. 2017 [73] | P cohort | 2009–14 | China | Ipat | NR | NR | 312 | 21 | 6.73 | 4.21–10.11 | DFI |
| Legese et al. 2018 [20] | P cohort | 2016 | Ethiopia | HCW | 31.78* | 41.3* | 10 | 3 | 30.00 | 6.67–65.25 | Col (N) |
| Henig et al. 2018 [75] | Retro | 2012–15 | USA | Ipat | 58.4 | 64.3 | 648 | 224 | 34.57 | 30.91–38.37 | DFI |
| Lin et al. 2018 [39] | P cohort | 2015 | Taiwan | I, O | NR | NR | 354 | 10 | 2.83 | 1.36–5.13 | Col (N) |
| Lin et al. 2018 continued | Ipat | NR | NR | 112 | 27 | 24.11 | 16.53–33.10 | DFI | |||
| van Asten et al. 2018 [70] | Retro | 2010–14 | USA | Ipat | 53.8 | 76.9 | 143 | 11 | 7.69 | 3.90-13.35 | DFI |
| Viquez-Molina et al. 2018 [71] | P cohort | 2014–16 | Costa Rica | Ipat | NR | NR | 379 | 35 | 9.24 | 6.52–10.81 | DFI |
med median value, Abdo abdominal, CIs 95% confidence intervals, Col (N, A, G, W, C, Ph, H) colonisation (nasal, axilla, groin, surface wound, catheter, pharynx, hand), Col colonisation. Com (NH) community (nursing home), DFI diabetic foot infection, I, O, mixed in- and out- patient population, Inf infection, Int international, Ipat (HD) inpatient (haemodialysis), NF necrotizing fasciitis, nfSSTI non-foot skin and soft tissue infection, NR not reported, NS not specified. Opat outpatient, P cohort prospective cohort, RCT randomized controlled trial, Retro retrospective analysis
*Age or gender data were not available for the diabetic portion of the study population and are instead representative of a larger portion of or the whole study population
$combined data from three clinical trials. CIs, 95% confidence intervals