Table 3.
Relationship of cardiometabolic risk factors with albuminuria after adjusting for smoking status
| Moderator variables | Overall effect size (Z) | Heterogeneity (τ2) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.75 (− 0.084–0.18) | 0.70 (0.33–6.44) | 0.46 |
| Male sex | 0.27 (− 0.02–0.03) | 0.79 (0.36–6.81) | 0.78 |
| HbA1c | 1.43 (0.1–0.65) | 0.76 (0.30–4.94) | 0.15 |
| HDL | − 0.50 (− 47.78 to 28.83) | 9.93 (1.66–100) | 0.61 |
| Total cholesterol | 0.92 (− 1.36 to 3.75) | 1.74 (0.56–15.78) | 0.35 |
| Triglyceride | − 1.14 (− 0.51 to 0.14) | 0.01 (0–1.28) | 0.25 |
| Duration of diabetes | 3.18 (0.07–0.31) | 0.23 (0.10–2.13) | 0.001 |
| SBP | 1.09 (− 0.29 to 0.101) | 1.26 (0.44–10.22) | 0.27 |
| DBP | 0.26 (− 0.13 to 0.17) | 2.05 (0.66–18.43) | 0.79 |
| BMI | 2.48 (0.15–1.30) | 0.74 (0.36–6.86) | 0.93 |
Statistically significant variable that influenced the relationship between smoking and albuminuria was the duration of T2DM (highlighted in bold font)