Table 2.
Overall effect estimates for Helicobacter pylori infection and osteoporosis according to study characteristics
| Factors | Categories | No. of studies | OR (95% CI) | Model used | Heterogeneity | Meta-regression | ||
| I2 | P value | t | P value | |||||
| Sex* | ||||||||
| Women | 8 | 1.09 (0.87 to 1.35) | Fixed | 33.0% | 0.17 | – | – | |
| Men | 5 | 1.27 (1.07 to 1.50) | Fixed | 14.6% | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.64 | |
| Both | 9 | 1.21 (1.07 to 1.37) | Random | 85.6% | 0.00 | 1.78 | 0.09 | |
| Postmenopausal or not | ||||||||
| Non-postmenopausal women | 4 | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.41) | Fixed | 48.0% | 0.12 | – | – | |
| Postmenopausal women | 4 | 1.09 (0.75 to 1.58) | Fixed | 35.8% | 0.20 | −0.13 | 0.90 | |
| Country | ||||||||
| China | 4 | 1.86 (1.06 to 3.28) | Random | 90.4% | 0.00 | – | – | |
| Japan | 9 | 1.57 (1.08 to 2.28) | Random | 63.7% | 0.005 | −0.39 | 0.70 | |
| Italy | 1 | 0.87 (0.50 to 1.53) | ≈ | – | −1.11 | 0.29 | ||
| Brazil | 1 | 0.42 (0.12 to 1.42) | – | – | −1.69 | 0.11 | ||
| Korea | 1 | 1.29 (1.05 to 1.57) | – | – | −0.59 | 0.57 | ||
| Iran | 3 | 1.06 (0.60 to 1.86) | Random | 61.3% | 0.075 | −1.16 | 0.27 | |
| Turkey | 1 | 0.95 (0.53 to 1.69) | – | – | −0.98 | 0.34 | ||
| Asian country or not | ||||||||
| Non-Asian country | 2 | 0.77 (0.46 to 1.28) | Fixed | 12.8% | 0.28 | – | – | |
| Asian country | 18 | 1.44 (1.16 to 1.79) | Random | 73.9% | 0.00 | 1.60 | 0.13 | |
| Detection methods of H. pylori | ||||||||
| ELISA | 11 | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.24) | Fixed | 32.1% | 0.14 | – | – | |
| Non-ELISA | 5 | 1.62 (0.96 to 2.72) | Random | 88.4% | 0.00 | 1.52 | 0.15 | |
| Both | 2 | 3.67 (1.88 to 7.16) | Fixed | 0% | 0.42 | 2.65 | 0.02 | |
| Detection methods of osteoporosis | ||||||||
| DEXA | 13 | 1.58 (1.14 to 2.18) | Random | 79.5% | 0.00 | – | – | |
| QU | 6 | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.22) | Fixed | 0% | 0.51 | −1.33 | 0.20 | |
| Detection location of DEXA | ||||||||
| Lumbar | 6 | 1.75 (0.99 to 3.07) | Random | 65.4% | 0.013 | – | – | |
| Femur | 3 | 1.56 (1.17 to 2.08) | Fixed | 0% | 0.90 | −0.17 | 0.87 | |
* One study reported males, females and overall results, therefore this study was used in all subgroups analysis (males, females and both).
DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan; QU, quantitative ultrasound