Table 1.

CPCS cases reporting the use of ECMO/ECLS

Year	Age (gender)	Substances	Route of exposure	Adverse clinical effects	Treatments	Survival	Time to ECMO from ED arrival	Duration of ECMO	ECMO-related complications	Did ECMO contribute to death?
1998	1 year (male)	Hydrocarbon furniture polish	Oral	Acidosisa Aspiration Pneumothorax	Intubation VV ECMO	Yes	3 days	21 days	None reported	Not applicable
2001	1 month (male)	Digoxin	IV	Ventricular-tachycardia (Vtach)/ventricular-fibrillation (Vfib) Asystole	Digoxin antibodies Cardioversion Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) VA ECMO	No	< 1 day	< 1 day	None reported	No
2001	9 years (male)	Imipramine	Oral	Hypotensionb Ventricular-fibrillation	Transvenous pacer Vasopressors VA ECMO	Yes	2 days	8 days	None reported	Not applicable
2008	1 year (male)	Lamp Oil	Oral	Hypotensionb Hypoxia Respiratory arrest Aspiration	Intubation Vasopressor VV ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	6 days	None reported	Not applicable
2009	2 years (male)	Digoxin Flecainide	Oral	Hypotensionb Bradycardiac Vtach/Vfib Seizures Asystole	Digoxin antibodies Vasopressors Intubation VA ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	3 days	None reported	Not applicable
2010	17 years (male)	Atenolol Amlodipine Colchicine	Oral	Hypotensionb Pulmonary edema Renal failured Asystole	Calcium Glucagon Vasopressors VA ECMO	No	2 days	< 1 day	None reported	No
2011	45 years (male)	Arsenic trioxide White phosphorous	Dermal Inhalation	Hypotensionb Vtach Cyanosis	Vasopressors Hemodialysis Intubation VA ECMO	Yes	2 days	11 days	None reported	Not applicable
2012	22 years (male)	Methylenedioxymethamphetamine	Oral	Hyperthermiae Acidosisa Ast and/or Alt > 1000 Renal failured Rhabdomyolysisf Multiple seizures Coma	Vasopressors Hemodialysis Intubation VA ECMO	Yes	1 day	2 days	Compartment syndrome at cannulation site requiring fasciotomy of right leg resulting in infection	Not applicable
2012	54 years (female)	Diltiazem	Oral	Hypotensionb Bradycardiac	Calcium Glucagon Vasopressors High-dose insulin Intralipid Intubation VA ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	2 days	None reported	Not applicable
2013	7 months (male)	Flecainide	Oral	Vtach/Vfib Asystole	Vasopressors Intralipid Intubation CPR VA ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	2 days	None reported	Not applicable
2013	26 years (male)	Diltiazem	Oral	Hypotensionb Bradycardiac Coma Asystole	Glucagon Vasopressors High-dose insulin Intralipid Transvenous pacing Intubation VA ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	2 days	None reported	Not applicable
2014	17 years (male)	Amlodipine	Oral	Hypotensionb Respiratory arrest Asystole	Vasopressors Intubation VA ECMO	Yes	1 day	unknown	None reported	Not applicable
2014	1 year (female)	Hydrocarbon furniture polish	Oral	Hypotensionb Aspiration Asystole	Vasopressors Intubation CPR VV ECMO	No	< 1 day	< 1 day	5 min asystolic arrest during cannulation	Unknown
2015	27 years (male)	Cocaine Ethanol	Oral Insufflation	Hypotensionb Respiratory arrest Coma	Vasopressors Intubation VA ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	6 days	None reported	Not applicable
2016	17 years (female)	Diltiazem Metoprolol	IV	Hypotensionb Asystole	Glucagon Calcium Vasopressors Intubation CPR VA ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	1 day	None reported	Not applicable
2016	24 years (male)	Fentanyl	Oral	Acidosisa Respiratory arrest	Intubation VV ECMO	Yes	< 1 day	3 days	None reported	Not applicable

^aAcidosis defined as serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L (mmol/L), pH < 7.35, or elevated lactic acid levels

^bHypotension defined in adults as blood pressure < 90 mmHg systolic or more than 15 mmHg less than patient’s usual systolic blood pressure. In children, systolic blood pressure < (70 + 2(age)) mmHg

^cBradycardia defined as heart rate < 60 beats per minute in adults. Age-related standards applied to children

^dRenal failure defined as impairment that has produced clinically significant azotemia and loss of renal function

^eHyperthermia defined as temperature ≥ 38 °C

^fRhabdomyolysis defined as presence of myoglobin in the urine or a creatinine kinase (CK) level > 500 IU/L