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. 2019 Jun 27;9:9310. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45757-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Schematic diagram of the task environment is shown from the participant’s (left) and a bird’s eye view (right) perspectives (see text in method section for details about the spatial environment). (B) Three phases of the task. In the initial encoding phase, 4 objects were presented one at a time, and participants were instructed to explore and remember their locations. In the learning phase, after probing the search for a given object, participants were instructed to navigate to the memorized object location and drop the object by pressing a button. Afterwards they received feedback about the correct object location. A total of three repetition runs, each consisted of 4 objects probed in a pseudorandomized order were included. The transfer phase comprised the location cue shift (LC) and boundary enlargement (B) conditions that were presented in LC-B-LC-B order. Participants were also instructed to navigate to the memorized location of the cued object, but no feedback was provided anymore.