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. 2019 Jun 27;9:9310. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45757-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial learning under noisy GVS and sham stimulation in the learning phase for males (a) and females (b) separately. Distance in vm between memorized location and correct object location for each of the three trials for Session 1 (left panel) and Session 2 (right panel). Dark green indicates GVS was on. Error bars indicate ± 1 SE of the mean. Although spatial learning data were log transformed before analysis, the figures present untransformed values (N = 47).