Table 1.
Demographic data of all subjects.
| Total (985) | Male (577) | Female (408) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age range (years) | 16–97 | 18–93 | 16–97 | |
| Mean age (SD) | 69.7 (13.6) | 70.7 (12.4) | 68.3 (15.1) | 0.008 (Welch’s t-test) |
| Tobacco* | N499, P316, C122, Unknown 3 | N160, P302, C115, Unknown 0 | N362, P28, C15, Unknown 3 | <0.001 (chi-square) |
| BMI range | 12.5–39.6 | 15.2–39.6 | 12.5–34.5 | |
| Mean BMI (SD) | 22.7 (3.5) | 23.2 (3.4) | 22.1 (3.6) | <0.001 (t-test) |
| Lutein supplement | N737, Y190, Unknown 4 | N477, Y100, Unknown 0 | N308, Y95, Unknown 5 | 0.002 (chi-square) |
| Diabetes | N756, Y175 | N457, Y120 | N344, Y64 | 0.025 (chi-square) |
| NDR | 759 | 69 | 38 | 0.989 (chi-square) |
| SDR | 101 | 8 | 4 | |
| PPDR | 12 | 19 | 9 | |
| PDR | 18 | 24 | 13 | |
| Macular disorder | ||||
| No disorder | 190 | 114 | 141 | <0.001 (chi-square) |
| AMD | 435 | 320 | 122 | |
| Others | 262 | 143 | 145 | |
SD, standard deviation; *N, non-smoker, P, past smoker, C, current smoker; BMI, body mass index; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; SDR, simple diabetic retinopathy, PPDR, pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; AMD, age-related macular degeneration.