Figure 4.

Osteoblast proliferation 0, 24 and 48 h as a percentage of the initial untreated control population after treatment with 300 ns PEFs with various intensities for three different trials demonstrating increased proliferation compared to untreated control (0 kV cm⁻¹) for electric fields from (a) 10 to 20 kV cm⁻¹ at 24 h and 2.5 to 20 kV cm⁻¹ at 48 h, (b) 2.5 to 20 kV cm⁻¹ at 24 h and 2.5 to 20 kV cm⁻¹ at 48 h and (c) 2.5 to 10 kV cm⁻¹ at 48 h after treatment. In all cases, the electric field is calculated as E = V/D, where V is the applied voltage and D is the gap distance of the cuvette (0.2 cm).