Table 1.
Results from clinical trials with checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic cancer and extrahepatic biliary tract cancer
| Molecule | Regimen | Phase | Patient population | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) | Monotherapy | II | Locally advanced or metastatic PDAC,n = 27 | No objective response (1 delayed response after initial progression) | Royalet al.[18] |
| Combination withgemcitabine | Ib | Advanced PDAC,n = 16 | 2 PR, 5 SD | Kalyanet al.[20] | |
| Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4) | Combination withgemcitabine | I | Metastatic PDAC,n = 34 | 2 PR | Agliettaet al. [19] |
| BMS-936559 (anti-PD-L1) | Monotherapy | I | Multiple entities, advanced or metastatic PDAC,n = 14 | No objective response | Brahmer et al. [23] |
| Combination with chemotherapy | Ib/II | Multiple entities, metastatic PDAC,n = 11 | 3 PR, 8 SD | Wiess et al. [25] | |
| Nivolumab (anti-PD-1) | Combination with nab-paclitaxel ± gemcitabine | I | Locally advanced or metastatic PDAC,n = 17 | 5 PR, 7 SD | Wainberg et al. [26] |
CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PR, partial remission; SD, stable disease; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1; PD-1, programmed cell death-1.