Table 2.
Factors associated with asthma outcomesa among children aged 4-17 (N = 88 049), National Health Interview Survey, 2006-2015b
| Variable | Current Asthma | ≥1 Asthma Attack/Episode in Past 12 Months | ≥1 Asthma ED Visit in Past 12 Months | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted Prevalence (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | Weighted Prevalence (95%CI) | aOR (95% CI) | Weighted Prevalence (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 9.2 (8.8-9.7) | 1.0 [Reference] | 54.9 (52.8-57.1) | 1.0 [Reference] | 14.5 (13.0-16.1) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black | 16.4 (15.7-17.2) | 1.9 (1.8-2.1) | 51.3 (48.8-53.8) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 29.0 (26.2-31.7) | 2.3 (1.9-2.8) |
| Hispanic | 9.5 (9.0-9.9) | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 50.9 (48.4-53.4) | 0.8 (0.7-0.9) | 23.1 (20.7-25.5) | 1.7 (1.4-2.1) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 14.6 (10.8-18.4) | 1.6 (1.2-2.2) | 49.6 (31.2-68.0)c | 0.8 (0.4-1.6) | 26.5 (11.0-42.0) | 2.2 (0.9-5.4) |
| Chinese | 5.5 (3.5-7.5) | 0.7 (0.5-1.1) | 67.0 (49.9-84.2)d | 1.4 (0.7-3.1) | 15.0 (0.0-30.7) | 0.9 (0.3-3.3) |
| Filipino | 10.1 (7.5-12.6) | 1.3 (1.0-1.8) | 52.6 (38.4-66.9) | 0.8 (0.5-1.5) | 12.9 (5.7-20.2) | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) |
| Asian Indian | 6.0 (4.0-8.0) | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | 59.8 (45.6-74.0) | 1.1 (0.6-2.1) | 10.1 (1.5-18.8) | 0.8 (0.3-2.1) |
| Other Asiane | 6.0 (4.7-7.3) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 49.1 (38.5-59.7) | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | 20.3 (11.1-29.6) | 1.8 (1.0-3.5) |
| Multiple racef | 13.8 (10.4-17.2) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | 62.2 (50.8-73.6) | 1.3 (0.8-2.2) | 22.8 (8.3-37.2) | 1.6 (0.6-4.0) |
| US-born | ||||||
| No | 4.8 (4.0-5.5) | 1.0 [Reference] | 52.5 (44.7-60.4) | 1.0 [Reference] | 19.8 (12.7-26.8) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Yes | 10.6 (10.3-10.9) | 2.0 (1.6-2.3) | 53.3 (51.8-54.7) | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 20.0 (18.7-21.2) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 8.9 (8.5-9.3) | 1.0 [Reference] | 53.1 (50.9-55.3) | 1.0 [Reference] | 18.2 (16.4-20.0) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Male | 11.7 (11.3-12.1) | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | 53.3 (51.4-55.3) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 21.2 (19.7-22.7) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Age group, y | ||||||
| 4-8 | 9.8 (9.4-10.3) | 1.0 [Reference] | 60.4 (58.1-62.6) | 1.0 [Reference] | 28.5 (26.3-30.8) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| 9-13 | 10.8 (10.3-11.2) | 1.1 (1.1-1.2) | 51.9 (49.5-54.3) | 0.7 (0.6-0.8) | 16.8 (15.1-18.5) | 0.5 (0.5-0.6) |
| 14-17 | 10.4 (9.9-10.9) | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 46.6 (44.2-49.0) | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 13.4 (11.4-15.5) | 0.4 (0.4-0.5) |
| Geographic region | ||||||
| West | 8.9 (8.5-9.4) | 1.0 [Reference] | 55.0 (51.8-58.1) | 1.0 [Reference] | 17.6 (15.4-19.7) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Northeast | 11.7 (11.0-12.5) | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | 50.4 (46.9-53.8) | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | 20.4 (17.6-23.3) | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) |
| Midwest | 10.3 (9.6-11.0) | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 51.8 (48.7-55.0) | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | 19.3 (16.4-22.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.5) |
| South | 10.6 (10.2-11.1) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 54.6 (52.3-57.0) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 21.4 (19.4-23.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) |
| Poverty status | ||||||
| ≥250% FPL | 9.0 (8.7-9.4) | 1.0 [Reference] | 52.8 (50.6-55.1) | 1.0 [Reference] | 15.2 (13.5-16.9) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| 100%-249% FPL | 10.3 (9.8-10.8) | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 53.0 (50.5-55.4) | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 22.0 (19.8-24.3) | 1.4 (1.1-1.8) |
| <100% FPL | 13.5 (12.8-14.1) | 1.6 (1.4-1.7) |
54.2 (51.5-57.0) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) |
24.8 (22.4-27.3) | 1.5 (1.2-1.9) |
| Highest level of education in household | ||||||
| >High school | 10.2 (9.8-10.5) | 1.0 [Reference] | 55.3 (53.5-57.0) | 1.0 [Reference] | 18.8 (17.4-20.3) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| High school/general educational development | 11.1 (10.5-11.8) | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 48.5 (45.5-51.5) | 0.8 (0.7-0.9) | 21.9 (19.4-24.4) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) |
| <High school | 10.0 (9.2-10.8) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 49.8 (45.2-54.4) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 23.4 (19.7-27.0) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) |
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Yes | 10.6 (10.3-10.9) | 1.0 [Reference] | 53.2 (51.7-54.7) | 1.0 [Reference] | 19.8 (18.6-21.1) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| No | 7.2 (6.4-8.0) | 0.8 (0.7-0.9) | 54.4 (48.8-60.0) | 1.1 (0.9-1.5) | 21.7 (16.9-26.6) | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) |
| Usual place for health care | ||||||
| No | 5.3 (4.4-6.2) | 1.0 [Reference] | 45.3 (37.2-53.5) | 1.0 [Reference] | 14.6 (8.0-21.2) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Yes | 10.6 (10.3-10.9) | 1.7 (1.4-2.0) | 53.5 (52.0-54.9) | 1.3 (1.0-1.8) | 20.1 (18.9-21.3) | 1.5 (0.8-2.7) |
| Respiratory allergy | ||||||
| No | 7.2 (7.0-7.5) | 1.0 [Reference] | 46.3 (44.4-48.1) | 1.0 [Reference] | 16.8 (15.3-18.3) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Yes | 32.8 (31.6-34.0) | 5.6 (5.2-6.0) | 64.2 (62.1-66.4) | 1.9 (1.7-2.1) | 24.4 (22.4-26.4) | 1.7 (1.5-2.0) |
| Food/digestive allergy | ||||||
| No | 9.5 (9.2-9.8) | 1.0 [Reference] | 51.6 (50.0-53.2) | 1.00 [Reference] | 19.3 (18.0-20.5) | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Yes | 26.0 (24.2-27.8) | 2.0 (1.8-2.3) | 64.4 (60.6-68.3) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 24.3 (20.3-28.3) | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) |
| Eczema/skin allergy | ||||||
| No | 9.0 (8.7-9.2) | 1.0 [Reference] | 50.6 (48.9-52.2) | 1.00 [Reference] | 18.6 (17.2-20.0) | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Yes | 21.3 (20.2-22.4) | 1.8 (1.7-2.0) | 62.2 (59.6-64.9) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 24.2 (21.9-26.5) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) |
| Survey year (2006-2015) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | 0.9 (0.9-0.9) | |||
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; ED, emergency department; FPL, federal poverty level.
aSurvey logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between dichotomized asthma outcomes and race/ethnicity after adjusting for all listed covariates. The listwise deletion method was used to handle missing data in the model. The total sample sizes were 86 942 for current asthma, 9314 for asthma attack/episode, and 7835 for asthma ED visits in models. The percentages of missing values were 1.3% for current asthma, 1.8% for asthma attack/episode, and 2.0% for asthma ED visits. The denominator used to define asthma attack/episode and asthma ED visit was children with current asthma.
bData source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.7
cFor American Indian/Alaska Native children, the standard error (SE) was >9%.
dFor Chinese children, the SE was >8% but <9%.
eOther Asian includes Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, and other Asian subgroups.
fMultiple race indicates self-identifying with >1 race and not selecting a primary race.