Table 3.
AAIs administered to study flocks.
| Antimicrobial class | AAI | Products (n = 236) (%) | Farms (n = 102) (%) | Flocks (n = 203) (%) | Weeks (n = 3,663) (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides* | Neomycin | 17 (7.2) | 33 (32.4) | 43 (21.2) | 85 (3.1) |
| Gentamicin | 15 (6.4) | 41 (40.2) | 60 (29.6) | 87 (3.2) | |
| Streptomycin | 8 (3.4) | 30 (29.4) | 41 (20.2) | 79 (2.9) | |
| Spectinomycin | 7 (3) | 10 (9.8) | 12 (5.9) | 18 (0.6) | |
| Apramycin | 1 (0.4) | 3 (2.9) | 3 (1.5) | 3 (0.1) | |
| Any aminoglycoside | 50 (21.2) | 69 (67.6) | 115 (56.7) | 259 (9.7) | |
| Amphenicols | Florfenicol | 13 (5.5) | 24 (23.5) | 27 (13.3) | 40 (1.5) |
| Thiamphenicol | 3 (1.3) | 20 (19.6) | 27 (13.3) | 36 (1.3) | |
| Chloramphenicol | 2 (0.8) | 2 (2.0) | 5 (2.5) | 15 (0.5) | |
| Any amphenicol | 18 (7.6) | 40 (39.2) | 53 (26.1) | 90 (3.4) | |
| 1st- and 2nd-gen. cephalosporins | Cefadroxil | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.1) |
| Cefotaxime | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Cefalexin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Any 1st and 2nd gen. cephalosporin | 2 (0.8) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (0.2) | |
| Diaminopyrimidines | Trimethoprim | 17 (7.2) | 31 (30.4) | 39 (19.2) | 72 (2.7) |
| Lincosamides | Lincomycin | 13 (5.5) | 16 (15.7) | 21 (10.3) | 32 (1.2) |
| Macrolides** | Tylosin | 32 (13.6) | 48 (47.1) | 75 (36.9) | 160 (6.0) |
| Tilmicosin | 7 (3) | 20 (19.6) | 24 (11.8) | 37 (1.3) | |
| Erythromycin | 6 (2.5) | 16 (15.7) | 18 (8.9) | 27 (1.0) | |
| Spiramycin | 6 (2.5) | 11 (10.8) | 12 (5.9) | 15 (0.5) | |
| Kitasamycin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Josamycin | 1 (0.4) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (0.1) | |
| Any macrolide | 51 (21.6) | 57 (55.9) | 91 (44.8) | 227 (8.5) | |
| Penicillins* | Amoxicillin | 24 (10.2) | 43 (42.2) | 50 (24.6) | 87 (3.2) |
| Ampicillin | 17 (7.2) | 27 (26.5) | 38 (18.7) | 78 (2.9) | |
| Any penicillin | 41 (17.4) | 56 (54.9) | 91 (44.8) | 164 (6.2) | |
| Pleuromutilins | Tiamulin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) |
| Polypeptides** | Colistin | 61 (25.8) | 94 (92.2) | 170 (83.7) | 413 (15.5) |
| Enramycin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Any polypeptide | 61 (25.8) | 94 (92.2) | 170 (83.7) | 414 (15.5) | |
| Quinolones/fluoroquinolones** | Enrofloxacin | 13 (5.5) | 32 (31.4) | 45 (22.2) | 76 (2.8) |
| Flumequine | 9 (3.8) | 12 (11.8) | 16 (7.9) | 27 (1.0) | |
| Norfloxacin | 2 (0.8) | 7 (6.9) | 9 (4.4) | 13 (0.4) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2 (0.8) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (1.5) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Marbofloxalin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Any quinolone | 27 (11.4) | 42 (41.2) | 66 (33.5) | 122 (4.6) | |
| Sulfonamides | Sulphamethoxazole | 7 (3.0) | 26 (25.5) | 34 (16.7) | 68 (2.5) |
| Sulfadimidine | 6 (2.5) | 8 (7.8) | 9 (4.4) | 11 (0.4) | |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 6 (2.5) | 14 (13.7) | 16 (7.9) | 21 (0.8) | |
| Sulfaguanidin | 2 (0.8) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 11 (0.4) | |
| Sulfadiazine | 2 (0.8) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (0.1) | |
| Sulfamethoxypyridazine | 1 (0.4) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (0.1) | |
| Sulfachloropyridazine | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Sulfamethazine | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Sulfathiazole | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Any sulfonamide | 25 (10.6) | 45 (44.1) | 60 (29.6) | 118 (4.4) | |
| Tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline | 37 (15.7) | 87 (85.3) | 155 (76.4) | 332 (12.4) |
| Doxycycline | 26 (11.0) | 42 (41.2) | 61 (30.0) | 129 (4.8) | |
| Tetracycline | 6 (2.5) | 7 (6.9) | 10 (4.9) | 28 (1.0) | |
| Any tetracycline | 69 (29.2) | 93 (91.2) | 173 (85.2) | 474 (17.8) | |
| Unclassified | Methenamine | 1 (0.4) | 15 (14.7) | 23 (11.3) | 31 (1.1) |
Critically important antimicrobial classes according to the World Health Organization (WHO) are highlighted:
*
High priority,
**
Highest priority.