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. 2019 Jun 27;10:196. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1289-7

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Strategies for stimulating ASC paracrine secretion are summarized. Genetic modification and protein molecular, pharmacological, physiological, and physical preconditioning have been employed to stimulate the release of the customized ASC secretome. Furthermore, bioengineering strategies, such as 3D cell culture combined with SAPs, ASC-seeded scaffolds, microspheres capsula, thermosensitive chitosan/gelatin hydrogel, and cell sheet, can efficiently control and maintain the release of ASC secretome through several smart biomaterials