Table 1.
Characteristics of women from France and Sub-Saharan African origin
| Characteristic | Fr Group (n = 2206) | SSA Group (n = 1500) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| < 25 | 195 | (8.8) | 223 | (14.9) | < 0.01 |
| 25–29 | 611 | (27.7) | 458 | (30.5) | |
| 30–34 | 891 | (40.4) | 455 | (30.3) | |
| ≥ 35 | 509 | (23.1) | 364 | (24.3) | |
| Education | |||||
| ≤ Primary school | 5 | (0.2) | 329 | (22.3) | < 0.01 |
| Middle school | 236 | (10.7) | 355 | (24.0) | |
| High school | 280 | (12.7) | 384 | (26.0) | |
| University | 1682 | (76.4) | 410 | (27.7) | |
| Social deprivationa | |||||
| none | 1978 | (89.7) | 589 | (39.3) | < 0.01 |
| 1 criterion | 137 | (6.2) | 358 | (23.9) | |
| 2 criteria | 65 | (2.9) | 224 | (15.0) | |
| 3 or 4 criteria | 26 | (1.2) | 326 | (21.8) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| < 24.9 | 1697 | (78.2) | 649 | (49.2) | < 0.01 |
| 25–29.9 | 286 | (13.2) | 396 | (30.0) | |
| ≥30 | 187 | (8.6) | 275 | (20.8) | |
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 1239 | (56.2) | 412 | (27.5) | < 0.01 |
| 1 | 680 | (30.8) | 418 | (27.9) | |
| ≥2 | 286 | (13.0) | 669 | (44.6) | |
| High medical risk level at the beginning of pregnancyb | 384 | (17.5) | 399 | (26.7) | < 0.01 |
| Previous uterine scarc | |||||
| 0 | 2029 | (92.0) | 1159 | (77.4) | < 0.01 |
| 1 | 147 | (6.7) | 230 | (15.4) | |
| ≥2 | 29 | (1.3) | 109 | (7.3) | |
| Multiple pregnancy | 77 | (3.5) | 60 | (4.0) | 0.42 |
| Adequacy of prenatal care utilizationd | |||||
| Inadequate | 454 | (21.4) | 669 | (46.5) | < 0.01 |
| Intermediate | 306 | (14.4) | 226 | (15.7) | |
| Adequate | 501 | (23.6) | 243 | (16.9) | |
| Adequate plus | 865 | (40.7) | 300 | (20.9) | |
| Preterm delivery | 207 | (9.4) | 150 | (10.0) | 0.52 |
| Estimation of fetal weighte | |||||
| Small for gestational age | 84 | (4.0) | 90 | (6.4) | < 0.01 |
| Normal | 1988 | (94.9) | 1289 | (91.5) | |
| Large for gestational age | 23 | (1.1) | 29 | (2.1) | |
| Complications of pregnancyf | 241 | (10.9) | 213 | (14.2) | < 0.01 |
| Fetal presentationg | |||||
| Cephalic | 2083 | (94.7) | 1424 | (95.3) | < 0.01 |
| Breech | 113 | (5.1) | 59 | (3.9) | |
| Transverse | 3 | (0.1) | 12 | (0.8) | |
| Onset of labor | |||||
| Spontaneous | 1498 | (67.9) | 875 | (58.3) | < 0.01 |
| Induction | 569 | (25.8) | 401 | (26.7) | |
| Cesarean delivery before labor | 139 | (6.3) | 224 | (14.9) | |
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| Cesarean delivery | 370 | (16.8) | 458 | (30.5) | < 0.01 |
Abbreviations: Fr group women born in mainland France and originally from mainland France, SSA group women born in Sub-Saharan Africa and originally from Sub-Saharan Africa
aDefined as the presence of one or more of: 1) social isolation; 2) unstable or insecure housing conditions; 3) main household income not due to paid work; 4) lack of standard health insurance
bHigh medical risk level at the beginning of pregnancy was defined as the presence of one or more of: history of cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, Graves’ disease, asthma, homozygous sickle cell anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation disorder, a rare or systemic disease, nephropathy, HIV infection, late miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, growth restriction, preterm delivery, fetal death or neonatal death
cIncluding previous caesarean section and/or uterine scar after gynecological surgery
dPrenatal care was considered inadequate if care did not begin before 14 completed weeks’ gestation. If care did begin before them, the percentage of prenatal visits was used to define four categories of prenatal care: inadequate (< 50% of the recommended number), intermediate (50–79%), adequate (80–109%), and adequate plus (≥ 110%). Then, women with missing ultrasounds were reclassified in the inadequate category (if the first trimester ultrasound or both of the latter ultrasounds were missing) or the intermediate category (if only the second or third ultrasound was missing)
eSmall for gestational age: estimation of weight < 10th percentile and large for gestational age: estimation of weight or abdominal circumference > 95th percentile
fDefined as the occurrence of one or more of the following complications: gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, placenta abruption, HELLP syndrome, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, severe sepsis, convulsions, diabetic ketoacidosis, coagulation disorder, cholestasis of pregnancy and complications due to uterine fibroids
gIn case of multiple pregnancy, presentation of the first fetus