Table 2.
Prevalence of alcohol use (as %), in students from Romania and Montenegro (n=3,283), along with results of univariate analysis of relationship between alcohol use and risk factors.
| Factor | Category | Prevalence | OR (95% CI limits for OR) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES | ||||
| • CHILD MALTREATMENT GROUP | ||||
| Physical neglect experiences | ||||
| Frequently* did not have enough to eat | No (RC) | 78.9% | ||
| Yes | 80.6% | 1.12(0.67–1.85) | 0.675 | |
| Frequently had to wear dirty clothes | No (RC) | 78.7% | ||
| Yes | 84.0% | 1.42(0.66–3.04) | 0.364 | |
| Frequently not present to take to the doctor if necessary | No (RC) | 79.0% | ||
| Yes | 76.0% | 0.84(0.59-1.21) | 0.350 | |
| Physical abuse experiences | ||||
| Frequently being pushed, grabbed, etc., by somebody | No (RC) | 79.2% | ||
| Yes | 90.2% | 2.42(1.25–4.67) | 0.009 | |
| Frequently being hit so hard to have marks or being injured | No (RC) | 78.6% | ||
| Yes | 86.0% | 1.67(1.25–2.24) | 0.001 | |
| Frequently being spanked | No (RC) | 75.9% | ||
| Yes | 84.3% | 1.71(1.42–2.07) | <0.001 | |
| Emotional neglect experiences | ||||
| Frequently felt not loved | No (RC) | 78.5% | ||
| Yes | 83.2% | 1.36(0.89–2.07) | 0.157 | |
| Frequently parents wished had never been born | No (RC) | 78.6% | ||
| Yes | 82.4% | 1.27(0.79–2.05) | 0.326 | |
| Frequently being hated by someone in the family | No (RC) | 78.1% | ||
| Yes | 85.3% | 1.63(1.15–2.32) | 0.006 | |
| Emotional abuse experiences | ||||
| Frequently being sworn at, insulted, or put down | No (RC) | 78.9% | ||
| Yes | 88.1% | 1.99(1.25–3.16) | 0.004 | |
| Frequently being afraid that might be physically hurt | No (RC) | 79.2% | ||
| Yes | 90.2% | 2.41(1.29–4.52) | 0.006 | |
| Frequently being called “lazy” or “ugly” | No (RC) | 78.3% | ||
| Yes | 83.8% | 1.43(1.03–1.99) | 0.035 | |
| Sexual abuse experiences | ||||
| Experienced an attempt of or actual sexual intercourse | No (RC) | 78.7% | ||
| Yes | 85.0% | 1.56(0.95–2.56) | 0.080 | |
| • HOUSEHOLD DYSFUNCTION GROUP | ||||
| Substance abuse by household member | ||||
| Lived with a problematic drinker or alcoholic | No (RC) | 77.2% | ||
| Yes | 87.5% | 2.06(1.57–2.69) | <0.001 | |
| Lived with someone who used street drugs | No (RC) | 78.5% | ||
| Yes | 88.0% | 2.01(1.07–3.78) | 0.031 | |
| Mental health problems of household member | ||||
| Lived with somebody depressed or mentally ill | No (RC) | 77.9% | ||
| Yes | 88.6% | 2.21(1.48–3.28) | <0.001 | |
| Experienced a suicide attempt in the household | No (RC) | 78.4% | ||
| Yes | 87.0% | 1.85(1.10–3.10) | 0.020 | |
| Violence against mother | ||||
| Frequently experienced pushing, grabbing, slapping mother, etc. | No (RC) | 78.4% | ||
| Yes | 86.9% | 1.83(1.04–3.23) | 0.038 | |
| Frequently experienced kicking, biting, hitting mother | No (RC) | 78.0% | ||
| Yes | 88.7% | 2.22(1.40–3.52) | 0.001 | |
| Frequently experienced repeated hitting of mother | No (RC) | 78.1% | ||
| Yes | 85.3% | 1.63(1.12–2.36) | 0.011 | |
| Frequently experienced threatening mother | No (RC) | 78.4% | ||
| Yes | 88.8% | 2.18(1.22–3.91) | 0.009 | |
| Family separation | Primary family complete (RC) | 77.3% | ||
| Family status | Parents divorced, no new partners | 86.6% | 1.91(1.34–2.71) | <0.001 |
| Parents divorced, stepfather | 90.5% | 2.81(1.50–5.26) | 0.001 | |
| Parents divorced, stepmother | 84.0% | 1.52(0.53–4.52) | 0.427 | |
| Parents divorced, stepfather and stepmother | 85.7% | 1.77(0.39–7.91) | 0.458 | |
| Foster family | 75.0% | 0.88(0.32–2.44) | 0.810 | |
| Criminal behaviour by household member | ||||
| Experienced an incarceration of a household member | No (RC) | 78.5% | ||
| Yes | 84.2% | 1.46(0.94–2.28) | 0.094 | |
| Experienced a commitment of a crime by a household member | No (RC) | 78.4% | ||
| Yes | 91.4% | 2.91(1.33–6.34) | 0.007 | |
| CONFOUNDING FACTORS | ||||
| Country | Romania (RC) | 86.6% | ||
| Montenegro | 69.6% | 0.35(0.30–0.42) | <0.001 | |
| Gender | Female (RC) | 71.8% | ||
| Male | 88.4% | 2.98(2.45–3.62) | <0.001 | |
| Age (years) | 18–19 (RC) | 68.9% | ||
| 20–21 | 83.1% | 2.00(1.25–3.20) | 0.004 | |
| 22–23 | 84.6% | 2.10(1.26–3.52) | 0.004 | |
| 24–29 | 87.2% | 1.25(0.61–2.53) | 0.541 | |
| Mother’s education | No school or elementary/some high school (RC) | 77.7% | ||
| Completed high school | 76.9% | 0.76(0.59–0.97) | 0.029 | |
| Some college or high school/university or more | 82.1% | 0.72(0.60–0.88) | 0.001 | |
| Father’s education | No school or elementary/some high school (RC) | 79.2% | ||
| Completed high school | 76.5% | 0.90(0.71–1.14) | 0.369 | |
| Some college or high school/university or more | 80.9% | 0.77(0.63–0.93) | 0.006 | |
| Mother’s employment status | Employed (RC) | 81.3% | ||
| Unemployed | 72.1% | 0.59(0.50–0.71) | <0.001 | |
| Father’s employment status | Employed (RC) | 78.7% | ||
| Unemployed | 81.4% | 1.19(0.92–1.53) | 0.191 |
Legend: OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; *=very often or often; RC=reference category