Table 3.
Results of multiple stepwise logistic regression (Forward Selection Likelihood Ratio method) of relationship between use of alcohol and adverse childhood experiences adjusted to confounding factors in a sample of students from Romania and Montenegro (n=2,437).
| Factor | Category | OR (95% CI limits for OR) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES | |||
| • CHILD MALTREATMENT GROUP | |||
| Frequently no person to take to the doctor if necessary | No (RC) | ||
| Yes | 0.58(0.35–0.95) | 0.031 | |
| Frequently being hit so hard to have marks or being injured | No (RC) | ||
| Yes | 1.68(1.12–2.52) | 0.012 | |
| Frequently being spanked | No (RC) | ||
| Yes | 1.38(1.07–1.77) | 0.012 | |
| • HOUSEHOLD DYSFUNCTION GROUP | |||
| Lived with a problematic drinker/alcoholic | No (RC) | ||
| Yes | 1.51(1.07–2.13) | 0.019 | |
| Lived with somebody depressed or mentally ill | No (RC) | ||
| Yes | 2.85(1.59–5.10) | <0.001 | |
| CONFOUNDING FACTORS | |||
| Country | Romania (RC) | ||
| Montenegro | 0.25(0.20–0.32) | <0.001 | |
| Gender | Males (RC) | ||
| Females | 0.28(0.22–0.36) | <0.001 | |
| Mother’s education | No school/elementary/some high school (RC) | ||
| Completed high school | 0.58(0.38–0.87) | 0.009 | |
| Some college/high school/university or more | 0.74(0.56–0.99) | 0.043 | |
| Father’s education | No school/elementary/some high school (RC) | ||
| Completed high school | 0.61(0.41–0.91) | 0.015 | |
| Some college/high school/university or more | 0.87(0.66–1.15) | 0.338 | |
| Mother’s employment status | Employed (RC) | ||
| Unemployed | 0.70(0.55-0.89) | 0.003 |
Legend: OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; *=very often or often; RC=reference category