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. 2019 Jun 24;8(1):1632100. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1632100

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© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — Bt OMVs expressing IAV H5F protein confer a level of protection to virus infection in mice. (a) Mice were immunised intranasally with H5F-OMVs in PBS; controls were administered intranasally with naïve OMVs or PBS alone (mock) at the indicated time-points; after 28 days all were challenged intranasally with a 10-fold lethal dose of IAV strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1). At necropsy serum (b) and brochoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) (c, d) were analysed for IAV IgG and IgA antibodies by ELISA using UV-inactivated PR8 virus. BAL samples were also analysed for H5 HA specific IgA antibodies (e) using recombinant H5 HA as the target antigen. Immune serum and BAL from PR8 IAV-infected mice (PR8) were used as reference samples. (f) The weight of individual animals in each group was assessed daily. (g) Lung homogenates were assessed for viral load (PFU/g lung tissue) at necropsy. Statisitical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests (panels b,c,d,e,g) or two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests. ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.