Table 1.

The Scarcity-Adversity Model of Low Bedding (LB) is a validated procedure of inducing abuse by providing the mother with insufficient nest building material.

Maternal Behavior	Control % observations ± SEM	LB % observations ± SEM
Nursing	62.5 ± 23.8	76.7 ± 7.9
In nest	87.5 ± 10.2	91.1 ± 4.8
Step on pups	8.3 ± 8.3	50.0 ± 23.6
Drag pups	0 ± 0	27.8 ± 11.8
Pups vocalize	16.7 ± 9.6	64.4 ± 6.5

Convergent with previous studies (Roth and Sullivan, 2005; Walker et al., 2017; Santiago et al., 2018) we observed increased rough handling of pups and increased pup vocalizations during a greater percentage of observations in the LB groups.