Table 1.
Clinical and demographic data
| PSZ ID | Age, y | Gender | Disease AAO | CPZ, mg/day | PANSS | BPRS (24–168) | SAS (0–44) | AIMS (0–40) | Neurological soft signs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total score (30–210) | Positive symptoms (7–49) | Negative symptoms (7–49) | General symptoms (16–112) | Disorganization symptoms (4–28) | Total score (0–105) | Sensory integration subscore (0–15) | Motor coordination subscore (0–21) | Motor integration subscore (0–18) | ||||||||
| 1 | 21 | F | 15 | 80 | 63 | 10 | 15 | 38 | 7 | 48 | 0 | 2 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 |
| 2 | 25 | M | 21 | 35 | 54 | 13 | 11 | 30 | 10 | 46 | 4 | 0 | 18.5 | 0.5 | 9 | 2 |
| 3 | 32 | F | 27 | 200 | 52 | 7 | 18 | 27 | 9 | 32 | 2 | 0 | 22 | 1.5 | 12.5 | 5 |
| 4 | 44 | M | 23 | 200 | 63 | 12 | 16 | 35 | 7 | 52 | 3 | 0 | 12.5 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 0 |
| 5 | 28 | M | 22 | 250 | 50 | 9 | 14 | 27 | 11 | 36 | 4 | 3 | 18.5 | 1 | 9.5 | 1 |
| 6 | 22 | M | 12 | 200 | 56 | 9 | 14 | 33 | 12 | 40 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 2 |
| 7 | 24 | M | 17 | 800 | 64 | 14 | 16 | 34 | 4 | 44 | 6 | 5 | 16.5 | 0 | 5.5 | 2.5 |
| 8 | 38 | M | 20 | 300 | 44 | 9 | 12 | 23 | 6 | 37 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 0 |
| 9 | 31 | F | 30 | 267 | 50 | 13 | 17 | 20 | 7 | 44 | 5 | 1 | 18.5 | 3.5 | 7 | 1 |
| 10 | 29 | M | 23 | 75 | 44 | 9 | 9 | 26 | 6 | 36 | 2 | 0 | 5.5 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 |
| 11 | 36 | M | 29 | 200 | 52 | 10 | 13 | 29 | 4 | 44 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
| 12 | 49 | F | 42 | 150 | 63 | 16 | 14 | 33 | 7 | 46 | 2 | 0 | 11.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 1 |
| 13 | 32 | M | 31 | 200 | 63 | 9 | 21 | 33 | 6 | 45 | 1 | 0 | 7.5 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| 14 | 38 | F | 32 | 200 | 56 | 9 | 11 | 36 | 9 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 18 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 1.5 |
| 15 | 18 | F | 15 | 100 | 59 | 13 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 40 | 2 | 1 | 11.5 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| 16 | 42 | M | 16 | 300 | 81 | 14 | 28 | 39 | 11 | 49 | 6 | 3 | 19.5 | 2 | 7.5 | 3 |
| 17 | 18 | M | 15 | 300 | 51 | 14 | 13 | 24 | 11 | 42 | 3 | 3 | 21 | 5.5 | 6 | 4 |
| 18 | 29 | M | 24 | 200 | 44 | 7 | 11 | 26 | 7 | 36 | 8 | 0 | 16.5 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
| 19 | 39 | M | 19 | 300 | 47 | 10 | 11 | 26 | 10 | 40 | 1 | 0 | 17.5 | 4 | 8 | 1 |
| 20 | 30 | M | 23 | 100 | 54 | 8 | 10 | 36 | 4 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 21 | 24 | M | 20 | 1067 | 61 | 10 | 17 | 34 | 9 | 48 | 2 | 1 | 14.5 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 2 |
| 22 | 25 | M | 25 | 67 | 52 | 10 | 19 | 23 | 4 | 44 | 13 | 7 | 21 | 4 | 1.5 | 1 |
| 23 | 32 | M | 21 | 267 | 64 | 14 | 14 | 36 | 8 | 64 | 1 | 0 | 13.5 | 2 | 4 | 0.5 |
| 24 | 20 | F | 19 | 250 | 57 | 9 | 21 | 27 | 9 | 45 | 3 | 0 | 11.5 | 4 | 3.5 | 0 |
| 25 | 44 | M | 23 | 1067 | 59 | 10 | 12 | 37 | 9 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 2 | 8.5 | 1.5 |
| PSZ, mean ± SD | 31 ± 9 | 7F 18M | 23 ± 7 | 287 ± 276 | 56 ± 8 | 11 ± 8 | 15 ± 4 | 31 ± 5 | 8 ± 3 | 43 ± 7 | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 1.2 ± 1.8 | 13.8 ± 5.8 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 5.8 ± 2.7 | 1.2 ± 1.3 |
| HC, mean ± SD | 30 ± 7 | 7F 18M | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.3 ± 1.1* | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 3.5*** | 0.9 ± 1.1* | 3.8 ± 2.1** | 0.5 ± 0.7* |
| SIB, mean ± SD | 35 ± 10 | 12F 5M | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 ± 1.3* | 0 ± 0* | 7.3 ± 3.8*** | 0.8 ± 0.8* | 3.8 ± 2.7* | 0.8 ± 0.7 |
Detailed clinical data for patients with schizophrenia. Disease onset relates to first hospital assignment including diagnosis. Patients were assessed for with the PANSS, brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), Simpson Angus Extra-Pyramidal Scale (SAS), Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS), and neurological soft signs. There was no difference in the demographic data between groups. Group differences for clinical data tested with Mann-Whitney U-tests are displayed as follow: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Patient 22 was identified as an outlier in SAS score, but not in other scores (behavioural or neurophysiological measures) and this did not affect group results (see Supplementary material for detailed analysis).
AAO = age at onset; CPZ = chlorpromazine; F = female; HC = healthy control group; M = male; PSZ = patients with schizophrenia; SIB = non-psychotic siblings.