Table 8.

Testing the known-group validity between the patient-reported and PANSS and CGI measures

	Groups (score range)	SQLS psychosocial		SQLS motivation		SQLS symptoms		WEMWBS		EQ-5D tariff		SF-6D tariff
		Mean ± SD	ES (p value)	Mean ± SD	ES (p value)	Mean ± SD	ES (p value)	Mean ± SD	ES (p value)	Mean ± SD	ES (p value)	Mean ± SD	ES (p value)
PANSS total	Abs–Min (30–60)	40.7 ± 16.0	− 0.258 (0.029)*	55.0 ± 10.1	− 0.119 (0.311)	32.6 ± 15.2	− 0.153 (0.193)	45.7 ± 10.4	0.333 (0.011)*	0.727 ± 0.267)	0.252 (0.033)*	0.694 ± 0.119	0.352 (0.003)*
	Mild–Ext (> 60)	44.7 ± 15.4		56.2 ± 10.9		34.9 ± 14.9		42.6 ± 8.9		0.659 ± 0.270)		0.653 ± 0.113
PANSS Pos.	Abs–Min (7–14)	40.9 ± 17.0	− 0.246 (0.035)*	54.4 ± 11.0	− 0.219 (0.060)	32.8 ± 15.7	− 0.143 (0.221)	45.6 ± 10.9	0.314 (0.015)*	0.729 ± 0.251)	0.278 (0.017)*	0.698 ± 0.123	0.423 (< 0.001)*
	Mild–Ext (> 14)	44.7 ± 14.6		56.7 ± 10.2		34.9 ± 14.6		42.6 ± 8.4		0.655 ± 0.280)		0.649 ± 0.108
PANSS Neg.	Abs–Min (7–14)	43.9 ± 14.8	0.082 (0.496)	55.8 ± 9.3	0.015 (0.903)	35.1 ± 13.8	0.111 (0.356)	45.2 ± 9.8	0.233 (0.078)	0.691 ± 0.268)	0.029 (0.812)	0.672 ± 0.116	0.043 (0.722)
	Mild–Ext (> 14)	42.6 ± 16.2		55.7 ± 11.2		33.4 ± 15.8		43 ± 9.4		0.683 ± 0.272)		0.667 ± 0.118
PANSS Psy.	Abs–Min (16–32)	40.2 ± 15.5	− 0.361 (0.002)*	54.8 ± 10.5	− 0.172 (0.135)	32.2 ± 15.0	− 0.238 (0.039)*	45.2 ± 10.0	0.283 (0.026)*	0.733 ± 0.264)	0.344 (0.003)*	0.695 ± 0.117	0.427 (< 0.001)*
	Mild–Ext (> 32)	45.8 ± 15.6		56.6 ± 10.6		35.8 ± 15.0		42.5 ± 9.1		0.641 ± 0.270)		0.646 ± 0.112
CGI Pos.	Norm–Min (1–2)	38.5 ± 15.1	− 0.481 (< 0.001)*	54.0 ± 10.0	− 0.265 (0.026)*	31.1 ± 15.9	− 0.314 (0.009)*	46 ± 10.2	0.382 (0.003)*	0.774 ± 0.212)	0.536 (< 0.001)*	0.713 ± 0.110	0.622 (< 0.001)*
	Mild–Sev (> 2)	45.8 ± 15.5		56.8 ± 10.8		35.8 ± 14.3		42.4 ± 8.9		0.634 ± 0.288)		0.643 ± 0.113
CGI Neg.	Norm–Min (1–2)	43.3 ± 15.8	0.024 (0.835)	55.7 ± 9.9	0.002 (0.985)	34.6 ± 15.6	0.076 (0.512)	45.2 ± 9.3	0.271 (0.033)*	0.714 ± 0.245)	0.192 (0.097)	0.680 ± 0.115	0.163 (0.159)
	Mild–Sev (> 2)	42.9 ± 15.7		55.7 ± 11.1		33.5 ± 14.7		42.6 ± 9.7		0.662 ± 0.288)		0.661 ± 0.118
CGI Dep.	Norm–Min (1–2)	38.4 ± 14.6	− 0.713(< 0.001)*	55.0 ± 10.1	− 0.165 (0.153)	32.0 ± 15.3	− 0.297 (0.011)*	45.5 ± 9.4	0.417 (0.001)*	0.750 ± 0.228)	0.550 (< 0.001)*	0.701 ± 0.115	0.632 (< 0.001)*
	Mild–Sev (> 2)	49.0 ± 15.2		56.7 ± 11.1		36.5 ± 14.5		41.6 ± 9.4		0.606 ± 0.297)		0.630 ± 0.108
CGI Cog.	Norm–Min (1–2)	43.4 ± 15.9	0.048 (0.679)	56.4 ± 10.3	0.137 (0.236)	33.9 ± 15.5	− 0.018 (0.879)	43.9 ± 9.8	0.024 (0.853)	0.708 ± 0.271)	0.184 (0.111)	0.673 ± 0.122	0.077 (0.504)
	Mild–Sev (> 2)	42.7 ± 15.6		54.9 ± 10.9		34.2 ± 14.6		43.7 ± 9.4		0.659 ± 0.267)		0.664 ± 0.111
CGI Ove.	Norm–Min (1–2)	39.4 ± 14.6	− 0.314 (0.021)*	54.4 ± 10.0	− 0.170 (0.210)	30.7 ± 15.2	− 0.288 (0.033)*	46.6 ± 10.1	0.389 (0.010)*	0.786 ± 0.217)	0.498 (< 0.001)*	0.711 ± 0.111	0.479 (< 0.001)*
	Mild–Sev (> 2)	44.3 ± 15.9		56.2 ± 10.7		35.1 ± 14.9		42.9 ± 9.3		0.655 ± 0.278)		0.656 ± 0.116

Cohen’s cut-off: < 0.5 = small, 0.5 < 0.8 = medium, ≥ 0.8 = large; bold formatting indicates medium or large effect sizes, and italics indicates the largest effect size across patient-reported measures. p values were calculated using the F statistic

Abs absent, CGI Clinical Global Impression, Cog cognition, Dep depression, EQ-5D EuroQoL Five-Dimension, ES effect size (Cohen’s d), Ext extreme, Min minimum, Neg negative, Norm normal, PANSS Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Pos positive, Psy psychopathology, Sev severe, SF-6D Short-Form Six-Dimension, SQLS Schizophrenia Quality-of-Life Scale, WEMWBS Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale

*p < 0.05