Table 9.
Testing the known-group validity between the patient-reported and NSA-4 and HoNOS-PbR measures
| Groups (score range) | SQLS psychosocial | SQLS motivation | SQLS symptoms | WEMWBS | EQ-5D tariff | SF-6D tariff | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | ES (p value) | Mean ± SD | ES (p value) | Mean ± SD | ES (p value) | Mean ± SD | ES (p value) | Mean ± SD | ES (p value) | Mean ± SD | ES (p value) | ||
| NSA-4 rating | No (1) | 44.2 ± 15.1 | – | 57.6 ± 9.4 | – | 36.5 ± 17.4 | – | 45.2 ± 10.0 | – | 0.711 ± 0.269 | – | 0.683 ± 0.127 | – |
| Min (2) | 39.5 ± 13.8 | 0.332 | 53.9 ± 9.4 | 0.397 | 31.9 ± 14.7 | 0.299 | 46.7 ± 8.2 | − 0.170 | 0.731 ± 0.245 | − 0.082 | 0.702 ± 0.107 | − 0.172 | |
| Mild (3) | 41.7 ± 15.6 | − 0.146 | 56.6 ± 10.1 | − 0.281 | 32.6 ± 14.2 | − 0.052 | 44.5 ± 8.8 | 0.258 | 0.713 ± 0.229 | 0.078 | 0.669 ± 0.108 | 0.307 | |
| Mod–Sev (> 3) | 47.3 ± 16.9 | − 0.345 | 56.0 ± 12.2 | 0.057 | 36.6 ± 15.2 | − 0.272 | 39.4 ± 10.2 | 0.543 | 0.612 ± 0.313 | 0.366 | 0.635 ± 0.123 | 0.289 | |
| – | – | (0.006)* | – | (0.231) | – | (0.102) | (< 0.001)* | (0.012)* | (0.001)* | ||||
| HoNOS-PbR total | No Prob–Mild (0–10) | 39.8 ± 14.9 | − 0.495 (< 0.001)* | 55.3 ± 10.5 | − 0.101 (0.383) | 31.4 ± 14.9 | − 0.411 (< 0.001)* | 45.8 ± 9.0 | 0.508 (< 0.001)* | 0.744 ± 0.236 | 0.517 (< 0.001)* | 0.694 ± 0.118 | 0.516 (< 0.001)* |
| Mod–Sev (> 10) | 47.4 ± 15.7 | 56.3 ± 10.6 | 37.5 ± 14.7 | 41.1 ± 9.7 | 0.608 ± 0.294 | 0.636 ± 0.106 | |||||||
| HoNOS-PbR Beh. | No Prob (0) | 39.5 ± 15.1 | − 0.420 (< 0.001)* | 54.8 ± 10.1 | − 0.159 (0.167) | 32.0 ± 15.3 | − 0.254 (0.028)* | 45.6 ± 9.7 | 0.340 (0.008)* | 0.731 ± 0.257 | 0.309 (0.008)* | 0.697 ± 0.127 | 0.447 (< 0.001)* |
| Prob (> 0) | 46.0 ± 15.6 | 56.5 ± 10.9 | 35.8 ± 14.7 | 42.4 ± 9.2 | 0.648 ± 0.276 | 0.646 ± 0.103 | |||||||
| HoNOS-PbR Fun. | No–Min (0–1) | 41.3 ± 15.8 | − 0.189 (0.104) | 55.1 ± 10.2 | − 0.098 (0.397) | 30.0 ± 14.3 | − 0.480 (< 0.001)* | 45.6 ± 9.4 | 0.344 (0.007)* | 0.772 ± 0.225 | 0.581 (< 0.001)* | 0.699 ± 0.120 | 0.455 (< 0.001)* |
| Min–Sev (> 1) | 44.3 ± 15.6 | 56.2 ± 10.9 | 37.0 ± 15.0 | 42.3 ± 9.5 | 0.621 ± 0.283 | 0.647 ± 0.110 | |||||||
| HoNOS-PbR Sym. | No–Min (0–3) | 36.3 ± 13.6 | − 0.934(< 0.001)* | 54.5 ± 10.4 | − 0.238 (0.039)* | 30.4 ± 14.0 | − 0.484 (< 0.001)* | 47.1 ± 8.0 | 0.700 (< 0.001)* | 0.763 ± 0.240 | 0.579 (< 0.001)* | 0.711 ± 0.115 | 0.746 (< 0.001)* |
| Mild–Sev (> 3) | 49.6 ± 14.8 | 57.0 ± 10.7 | 37.5 ± 15.3 | 40.8 ± 9.9 | 0.612 ± 0.278 | 0.629 ± 0.104 | |||||||
| HoNOS-PbR Soc. | No–Min (0–2) | 38.8 ± 14.7 | − 0.508 (< 0.001)* | 55.1 ± 9.8 | − 0.103 (0.373) | 31.1 ± 14.6 | − 0.361 (0.002)* | 46.6 ± 8.9 | 0.558 (< 0.001)* | 0.748 ± 0.248 | 0.428 (< 0.001)* | 0.700 ± 0.120 | 0.483 (< 0.001)* |
| Minor–Sev (> 2) | 46.5 ± 15.7 | 56.2 ± 11.2 | 36.4 ± 15.1 | 41.5 ± 9.5 | 0.635 ± 0.278 | 0.644 ± 0.109 | |||||||
Cohen’s cutoff: < 0.5 = small, 0.5 < 0.8 = medium, ≥ 0.8 = large; bold formatting indicates medium or large effect sizes, and italics indicates the largest effect size across patient-reported measures. p values were calculated using the F statistic
Beh behaviour, EQ-5D EuroQoL Five-Dimensions, ES effect size (Cohen’s d), Fun function, HoNOS-PbR Health of the Nation Outcome Scale Payment by Results, Mod moderate, Min minimum, NSA-4 Negative Symptoms Assessment, Prob problem, SD standard deviation, Sev severe, SF-6D Short-Form Six-Dimension, Soc social, SQLS Schizophrenia Quality-of-Life Scale, Sym symptoms, WEMWBS Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale
*p < 0.05