Table 1.

Pharmacological studies reporting effect on coding test

Reference	Sample	Drug type	Drug	Route	Dose	Max dose1	Effect2	Effect dose3
Kornetsky, Humphries, & Evarts, 1957	4F/6M	Agonist	Meperidine	PO	50, 100 mg	low	...	_
Smith, Semke, & Beecher, 1962 (Study 1)	24M	Agonist	Morphine	SC	10 mg	high	↓	high
Smith, Semke, & Beecher, 1962 (Study 2)	24M	Agonist	Heroin	SC	4 mg	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Morphine	SC	10 mg	high	↓	high
Evans & Witt, 1966	16M	Agonist	Codeine	PO	32 mg	low	↕	_
File & Silverstone, 1981	6F/6M	Antagonist	Naloxone	IV	0.8, 1.6 mg	-low	...	_
Jarvik, Simpson, Guthrie, & Liston, 1981	20M	Agonist	Morphine	IM	10 mg	high	...	_
Redpath & Pleuvry, 1982	4F/6M	Agonist	Codeine	PO	30, 60 mg	low	...	_
Bradley & Nicholson, 1986	6F	Agonist	Codeine	PO	30, 90 mg	med	...	_
Saarialho-Kere, Mattila, & Seppälä, 1986	10F/M	Agonist	Codeine	PO	100 mg	med	...	_
		Mixed agonist	Pentazocine	PO	75 mg	med	...	_
Bradley & Nicholson, 1987	7F	Mixed agonist	Meptazinol	PO	100, 200 mg	high	...	_
		Mixed agonist	Pentazocine	PO	0, 25, 50 mg	low	↓	low
Saarialho-Kere, Mattila, Paloheimo, & Seppälä, 1987	12F/M	Mixed agonist	Buprenorphine	SC	0.4 mg	high	↓	high
Saarialho-Kere, 1988	5F/7M	Mixed agonist	Nalbuphine	IM	0-10.5 mg	high	↓	high
Saarialho-Kere, Mattila, & Seppälä, 1988	11F/M	Mixed agonist	Pentazocine	IM	30 mg	med	↓	med
MacDonald, Gough, Nicoll, & Dow, 1989	12M	Mixed agonist	Buprenorphine	IM	0.3 mg	high	↓	high
Saarialho-Kere, Mattila, & Seppälä, 1989	9F/M	Agonist	Oxycodone	IM	9.1 mg	high	...	_
Zacny, Lichtor, & de Wit, 1992	6M	Agonist	Fentanyl	IV	0.050 mg	med	...	_
Zacny et al., 1993	1F/9M	Agonist	Meperidine	IV	17.5-70 mg	high	...	_
Oliveto, Bickel, Kamien, Hughes, & Higgins, 1994	2F/7M	Agonist	Hydromorphone	PO	1-6 mg	high	...	_
Veselis et al. 1994	1F/2M versus 3F/3M	Agonist	Fentanyl	IV	Continuous infusion: 1, 1.5, 2.5 ng/ml	high	↓	med
Zacny, Coalson, Lichtor, Yajnik, & Thapar, 1994c (Study 1)	3F/6M	Antagonist	Naloxone	IV	0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg	-low	...	_
Zacny, Coalson, Lichtor, Yajnik, & Thapar, 1994a (Study 2)	3F/5M	Antagonist	Naloxone	IV	0, 1.0, 3.0, 10 mg	-med	...	_
Zacny, Lichtor, Flemming, Coalson, & Thompson, 1994b	2F/10M	Agonist	Morphine	IV	2.5-10 mg	high	↓	high
Zacny, Lichtor, Thapar, et al., 1994c	5F/7M	Agonist	Morphine	IV	10 mg	high	...	_
		Partial Agonist	Butorphanol	IV	0.5, 1, 2 mg	high	↓	high
Zacny, Lichtor, Klafta, Alessi, & Apfelbaum, 1996a	3F/7M	Agonist	Codeine	PO	60 mg Codeine/600 mg Acetaminophen	low	...	_
		Mixed agonist	Butorphanol	TN	1, 2 mg	high	↓	high
Zacny, Conley, & Galinkin, 1997a	5F/11M	Agonist	Morphine	IV	10 mg	high	...	_
		Mixed agonist	Buprenorphine	IV	0.075, 0.15, 0.3	high	↓	low
Zacny, Conley, & Marks, 1997b	4F/12M	Agonist	Morphine	IV	10 mg	high	...	_
		Mixed agonist	Nalbuphine	IV	2.5, 5, 10 mg	high	↓	high
Walker & Zacny, 1998	3F/9M	Agonist	Codeine	PO	60, 120 mg	med	...	_
		Agonist	Morphine	PO	20, 40 mg	med	...	_
Zacny, Hill, Black, & Sadeghi, 1998	15F/2M	Agonist	Hydromorphone	IV	0.33, 0.65, 1.3 mg	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Morphine	IV	5, 10 mg	high	...	_
Black, Hill, & Zacny, 1999	2F/8M	Agonist	Alfentanil	IV	16, 32, 64 ng/ml	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Remifentanil	IV	Continuous infusion: 0.75, 1.5, 3 ng/ml	high	↓	med
Walker & Zacny, 1999	6F/10M	Agonist	Hydromorphone	IV	Cumulative injections of: .33, .65, 1.3 mg	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Meperidine	IV	Cumulative injections of: 17.5, 35, 70 mg	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Morphine	IV	Cumulative injections of: 2.5, 5, 10 mg	high	...	_
Hill & Zacny, 2000	5F/12M	Agonist	Hydromorphine	IV	Cumulative injections of .33, .65, 1.3 mg	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Morphine	IV	Cumulative injections of 5, 10 mg	high	...	_
Marsch et al., 2001	18M	Agonist	Morphine	IV	Three infusion rates (2 min bolus, 15 min, and 60 min) of 5, 10 mg	high	↓	high
Walker, Zacny, Galva, & Lichtor, 2001	5F/10M	Agonist	Morphine	IV	2.5, 5, 10 mg	high	↓	high
		Mixed agonist	Butorphanol	IV	0.5, 1, 2 mg	med	↓	med
		Mixed agonist	Nalbuphine	IV	Cumulative injections of 2.5, 5, 10 mg	high	↓	high
		Mixed agonist	Pentazocine	IV	7.5, 15 mg	low	...	_
Zacny & Gutierrez, 2003	9F/9M	Agonist	Morphine	PO	40 mg	med	...	_
		Agonist	Oxycodone	PO	10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg	high	↓	high
Zacny, 2003	9F/9M	Agonist	Hydrocodone	PO	5 mg Hydrocodone/1.5 mg Homatropine, 10 mg Hydrocodone/3 mg Homatropine, 20 mg Hydrocodone/6 mg Homatropine	med	↓	med
		Agonist	Morphine	PO	40 mg	med	...	_
Zacny & Goldman, 2004	9F/9M	Agonist	Morphine	PO	40 mg	med	...	_
		Agonist	Propoxyphene napsylate	PO	50, 100, 200 mg	med	...	_
Escher et al., 2007	12M	Mixed agonist	Buprenorphine	IV	0.15 mg	med	↓	med
Zacny & Gutierrez, 2008	8F/8M	Agonist	Hydrocodone	PO	5 mg Hydrocodone/325 mg Acetaminophen, 10 mg Hydrocodone/650 mg Acetaminophen	med	...	_
		Agonist	Oxycodone	PO	5 mg Oxycodone/325 mg Acetaminophen, 10 mg Oxycodone/650 mg Acetaminophen	med	↓	med
Zacny & Lichtor, 2008	10F/10M	Agonist	Morphine	PO	30, 60 mg	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Oxycodone	PO	10, 20 mg	high	↓	high
Cherrier, Amory, Ersek, Risler, & Shen, 2009	40F/31M	Agonist	Oxycodone	PO	10 mg	med	↓	med
Zacny & Gutierrez, 2009	10F/10M	Agonist	Hydrocodone	PO	15 mg Hydrocodone/487 mg Acetaminophen, 30 mg Hydrocodone/975 mg Acetaminophen	high	↓	high
		Agonist	Oxycodone	PO	10 mg Oxycodone/487 mg Acetaminophen, 20 mg Oxycodone/975 mg Acetaminphen	high	↓	med
Zacny & Gutierrez, 2011	6F/8M	Agonist	Oxycodone	PO	10 mg	med	...	_

F = female; M = male participants. Studies used within-subject designs unless otherwise noted.

¹Estimated dose for agonists based on morphine equivalent of the maximum dose of in the respective study. For antagonist drugs, the estimated dose is preceded by a minus. See caption of Figure 2 for more details.

²Arrow indicates significantly improved (↑) , impaired (↓), mixed effects (↕) or null-effects (…) on performance relative to a placebo control condition.

³Minimum estimated dose at which the indicated effect is significantly different from placebo.