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. 2019 Jun 28;9:9374. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45904-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of different treatments on aphid transmission of CaMV and TuMV. (A,B) Effect of the ROS H₂O₂ and the calcium channel blocker LaCl₃ on plant-to-plant transmission of CaMV (A). Turnip leaves were sprayed with 10 mM H₂O₂ or LaCl₃ solutions or water and incubated for 30 min before transmission tests. (B) Effect of wounding on plant-to-plant transmission of TuMV and CaMV. Turnip leaves were wounded by inflicting cuts with a razor blade and immediately used for transmission. (C) Effect of the thiol reducing agent NEM on protoplast-to-plant transmission of CaMV. Protoplasts were incubated with 3 mM NEM for 20 min before the transmission tests. (D) Effect of azide on protoplast-to-plant transmission of TuMV. Protoplasts were incubated with 0.02% azide for 40 min and then employed in transmission assays. For all transmission tests, means of infected test plants are calculated from a pool of three independent experiments (see Materials and Methods). p designates p-values obtained in generalized linear models. Each graph shows medians and quartiles. The whiskers represent sample ranges. The open circles show the outlier samples. We verified that NEM and azide treatment of protoplasts did not change protoplast viability (Supplementary Source file 2). The raw data of the transmission tests are presented in Supplementary Source file 3.