Table 2.
Effect of Time-Varying Multimorbidity and Baseline Covariates on Longitudinal Physical Functioning Trajectory Using Joint Modeling
| Model Predictors | β Coefficient (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Multimorbidity-weighted index | −1.72 (−1.77, −1.67) | <.001 |
| Age, years | −1.00 (−1.03, −0.96) | <.001 |
| Years since baseline | −0.70 (−0.76, −0.64) | <.001 |
| Sex, female | −9.67 (−10.35, −8.98) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Black | 0.06 (−0.92, 1.04) | .909 |
| Hispanic | 0.22 (−1.04, 1.47) | .736 |
| Other | −0.39 (−2.67, 1.89) | .735 |
| White (reference) | 0 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| <18.5 | −10.46 (−12.75, −8.16) | <.001 |
| 18.5–24.9 (reference) | 0 | |
| 25–29.9 | −1.72 (−2.46, −0.98) | <.001 |
| ≥ 30 | −10.90 (−11.77, −10.03) | <.001 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never smoker | 0 | |
| Past smoker | −1.62 (−2.32, −0.92) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | −6.30 (−7.29, −5.30) | <.001 |
| Education, years | ||
| <12 (reference) | 0 | |
| 12 | 4.59 (3.75, 5.43) | <.001 |
| 13–15 | 5.49 (4.51, 6.48) | <.001 |
| ≥16 | 7.29 (6.25, 8.33) | <.001 |
| Household net worth, $ | ||
| ≤14,000 (reference) | 0 | |
| 14,001–113,000 | 7.16 (6.18, 8.15) | <.001 |
| 113,001–323,700 | 11.59 (10.51, 12.67) | <.001 |
| ≥323,701 | 13.86 (12.68, 15.04) | <.001 |
| Marital status/living arrangement | ||
| Married and/or living with domestic partner (reference) | 0 | |
| Unmarried and living with someone other than domestic partner | −2.55 (−3.65, −1.45) | <.001 |
| Unmarried and living alone | −0.95 (−1.79, −0.11) | .027 |
Note: CI = confidence interval.