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The signaling pathway by which SF/HAP/GPM scaffolds promote osteogenesis. (A) Immunofluorescence staining of ATF4 in MC3T3-E1 cells on SF, SF/HAP and SF/HAP/GPM scaffolds. Scale bars: 20 μm. (B) The expression levels of ATF4, p-Akt, Akt, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, RUNX2 and OCN in MC3T3-E1 cells incubated on SF, SF/HAP and SF/HAP/GPM scaffolds for 14 days. (C and D) The expression levels of RUNX2 and OCN on SF, SF/HAP and SF/HAP/GPM scaffolds were evaluated by qRT-PCR.
