TABLE 3.
Multivariable linear regression model results considering early childhood factors associated with growth at 5 y of age
| HAZ1 | WAZ1 | BMIZ1 | WHZ1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAZ at enrollment | 0.28 (0.02)**** | — | 0.06 (0.03) | — |
| WAZ at enrollment | — | 0.27 (0.03)*** | — | — |
| WLZ at enrollment | — | — | — | 0.19 (0.03)*** |
| WAMI | 0.10 (0.02)*** | 0.11 (0.03)*** | 0.07 (0.03)* | 0.08 (0.03)* |
| Sex (boys 0, girls 1) | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.18 (0.07)* | −0.05 (0.07) |
| Maternal height, cm | 0.03 (0.00)*** | 0.03 (0.01)*** | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Energy intake2 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) |
| Protein density2 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| Hemoglobin | 0.06 (0.03)* | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Transferrin receptor3 | 0.18 (0.06)** | 0.21 (0.07)** | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.08) |
| Ferritin3 | −0.08 (0.02)*** | −0.05 (0.02)* | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) |
| Bacterial density | −0.04 (0.02)* | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| Lactulose:mannitol z-score | −0.11 (0.04)** | −0.16 (0.05)*** | −0.11 (0.06)* | −0.14 (0.06)* |
| α-1-Antitrypsin4 | −0.28 (0.12)* | −0.20 (0.15) | 0.06 (0.17) | −0.00 (0.17) |
| Myeloperoxidase4 | −0.19 (0.11) | −0.52 (0.13)*** | −0.56 (0.15)*** | −0.60 (0.16)*** |
| Adj. R2 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.26 |
| Number of observations | 1017 | 1017 | 1017 | 1015 |
*
P < 0.05, **P< 0.01, ***P< 0.001.
1
Height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), body mass index z-score (BMIZ), and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Values are coefficient (SE). The models include site as a fixed effect (results not shown).
2
Variables have been standardized; the beta estimates represent the difference in 1 SD change in the variable.
3
Variables have been adjusted for inflammation and normalized by taking the square root.
4
Mean log concentration (detrended).