TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to BMI status1
| Japan | China | United Kingdom | United States | All | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <25 | ≥25 | <25 | ≥25 | <25 | ≥25 | <25 | ≥25 | <25 | ≥25 | |
| n | 839 | 306 | 625 | 214 | 152 | 349 | 620 | 1575 | 2236 | 2444 |
| Male | 399 (47.6) | 175 (57.2)** | 349 (55.8) | 67 (31.3)** | 60 (39.5) | 206 (59.0)** | 226 (36.5) | 877 (55.7)** | 1034 (46.2) | 1325 (54.2)** |
| Age, y | 49.2 ± 5.3 | 49.9 ± 5.3* | 49.2 ± 5.9 | 48.3 ± 5.4 | 47.3 ± 5.5 | 49.9 ± 5.5** | 48.8 ± 5.3 | 49.3 ± 5.4* | 48.9 ± 5.5 | 49.4 ± 5.4** |
| Education, y | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 5.5 ± 2.9 | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 13.1 ± 3.0 | 12.5 ± 3.1 | 15.5 ± 2.9 | 14.8 ± 3.1** | 11.2 ± 4.6 | 13.3 ± 4.0** |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Current | 249 (29.7) | 97 (31.7)* | 254 (40.6) | 51 (23.8)** | 26 (17.1) | 61 (17.5) | 102 (16.5) | 267 (17.0)** | 631 (28.2) | 476 (19.5)** |
| Former | 103 (12.3) | 54 (17.7) | 50 (8.0) | 19 (8.9) | 35 (23.0) | 112 (32.1) | 159 (25.7) | 518 (32.9) | 347 (15.5) | 703 (28.8) |
| Never | 487 (58.1) | 155 (50.7) | 321 (51.4) | 144 (67.3) | 91 (59.9) | 176 (50.4) | 359 (57.9) | 790 (50.2) | 1258 (56.3) | 1265 (51.8) |
| Current alcohol | 759 (90.5) | 280 (91.5) | 305 (48.8) | 77 (36.0)** | 141 (92.8) | 303 (86.8) | 447 (72.1) | 1086 (69.0) | 1652 (73.9) | 1746 (71.4) |
| drinkers | ||||||||||
| Physical activity in leisure time | ||||||||||
| A lot | 231 (27.5) | 57 (18.6)** | 105 (16.8) | 13 (6.1)** | 15 (9.9) | 23 (6.6)* | 76 (12.3) | 127 (8.1)** | 427 (19.1) | 220 (9.0)** |
| Moderate | 269 (32.1) | 120 (39.2) | 237 (37.9) | 77 (36.0) | 77 (50.7) | 148 (42.4) | 349 (56.3) | 801 (50.9) | 932 (41.7) | 1146 (46.9) |
| Little or none | 339 (40.4) | 129 (42.2) | 283 (45.3) | 124 (57.9) | 60 (39.5) | 178 (51.0) | 195 (31.5) | 647 (41.1) | 877 (39.2) | 1078 (44.1) |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2012 ± 435 | 2112 ± 478** | 2033 ± 588 | 2051 ± 546 | 2166 ± 631 | 2169 ± 633 | 2058 ± 638 | 2317 ± 708** | 2041 ± 555 | 2247 ± 667** |
| Total fiber intake, g/d | 15.5 ± 4.8 | 16.0 ± 4.8 | 27.9 ± 9.4 | 29.2 ± 9.7 | 25.3 ± 8.9 | 25.6 ± 9.4 | 19.2 ± 8.3 | 19.1 ± 7.7 | 20.6 ± 9.2 | 20.5 ± 8.7 |
| Salt intake,2 g/d | 11.1 ± 3.0 | 13.1 ± 3.6** | 12.7 ± 6.0 | 15.1 ± 5.2** | 7.3 ± 2.3 | 9.0 ± 3.0** | 7.9 ± 2.6 | 10.1 ± 3.6** | 10.4 ± 4.4 | 10.8 ± 4.1** |
1
Values are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. BMI in kg/m2. We tested differences in baseline characteristics between different BMI status groups with t tests for continuous variables and with χ2 tests for categorical variables.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
2
Calculated with a mean of 2 timed 24-h urine sodium values.