TABLE 3.

Top-ranking differentially regulated human milk metabolites at 6 mo postpartum¹

Name	Class	Fold-change overweight or obese/lean	P value	False discovery rate
Hydroxyisovaleroylcarnitine C5	Acylcarnitine	2.23	0.003	0.15
2-Methylbutyroylcarnitine C5	Acylcarnitine	2.28	0.045	0.56
Propionylcarnitine C3	Acylcarnitine	1.45	0.02	0.35
Glucose 6-phosphate	Monosaccharide; hexose phosphate	2.07	0.01	0.29
1,5-Anhydroglucitol	Monosaccharide	1.37	0.003	0.15
Arabinose	Monosaccharide; pentose	1.72	0.01	0.28
Arabitol	Sugar alcohol	1.53	0.01	0.28
Erythritol	Sugar alcohol	1.25	0.03	0.45
Ribitol	Sugar alcohol	1.38	0.04	0.52
Glycerate	Sugar acids and derivatives	0.63	0.005	0.18
Asparagine	Amino acid	0.51	0.01	0.29
Ornithine	Amino acid	0.83	0.002	0.15
Glutamine	Amino acid	0.68	0.002	0.15
Kynurenate	Amino acid metabolite; uinoline carboxylic acid	0.61	0.04	0.51
3-4-Hydroxyphenyllactate	Amino acid metabolite; phenylpropanoic acid	1.59	0.01	0.28
Phosphocholine	Phosphocholine	1.44	0.03	0.44
Malate	β-Hydroxyacids and derivatives	1.80	0.002	0.15
Fumarate	Dicarboxylic acid	1.47	0.050	0.57
Citrate	Tricarboxylic acid	0.78	0.047	0.56
X—12,565	Unknown	1.71	0.02	0.33

¹“Fold-change” refers to mean abundance in overweight or obese/lean. The table includes only metabolites with P < 0.05 (2-sided t-test). N = 15–16/group.