Table 3. Association of tooth loss with general and oral health status (multivariate analysis).
| Variables | Tooth loss (n=1) | Tooth loss (n=2–3) | Tooth loss (n≥4) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |||
| Sex (Ref: male) | |||||||||||
| Female | 0.87 | 0.85–0.88 | <0.001 | 0.83 | 0.81–0.85 | <0.001 | 0.77 | 0.75–0.80 | <0.001 | ||
| Age group (Ref: 40–49 years) | |||||||||||
| 50–59 | 1.53 | 1.51–1.55 | <0.001 | 1.74 | 1.71–1.77 | <0.001 | 1.98 | 1.93–2.03 | <0.001 | ||
| 60–69 | 1.85 | 1.82–1.88 | <0.001 | 2.32 | 2.27–2.36 | <0.001 | 2.93 | 2.85–3.02 | <0.001 | ||
| 70–79 | 1.59 | 1.55–1.64 | <0.001 | 2.15 | 2.08–2.22 | <0.001 | 2.93 | 2.81–3.05 | <0.001 | ||
| Household income (Ref: first quintile) | |||||||||||
| Second quintile | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.985 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.825 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.646 | ||
| Third quintile | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.536 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.501 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | 0.618 | ||
| Fourth quintile | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.93–1.00 | 0.026 | ||
| Fifth quintile | 0.88 | 0.86–0.90 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.83–0.87 | <0.001 | 0.80 | 0.78–0.83 | <0.001 | ||
| Insurance status (Ref: NHIS [employees]) | |||||||||||
| Self-employed | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.933 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.975 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.938 | ||
| Presence of disability (Ref: none) | |||||||||||
| Present | 1.21 | 1.18–1.24 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.88–1.05 | 0.350 | 0.95 | 0.85–1.07 | 0.375 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) (Ref: normal) | |||||||||||
| <18.5 (Underweight) | 0.89 | 0.85–0.93 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.85–0.94 | <0.001 | 0.95 | 0.89–1.01 | 0.125 | ||
| 23–25 (Overweight) | 1.08 | 1.06–1.09 | <0.001 | 1.07 | 1.05–1.09 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 1.02–1.07 | 0.001 | ||
| ≥25 (Obese) | 1.17 | 1.16–1.19 | <0.001 | 1.19 | 1.17–1.21 | <0.001 | 0.94 | 0.91–0.98 | <0.001 | ||
| Smoking status (Ref: non/former smoker) | |||||||||||
| Current smoker | 1.36 | 1.34–1.38 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.47–1.53 | <0.001 | 1.69 | 1.65–1.73 | <0.001 | ||
| Drinking status (Ref: none) | |||||||||||
| <3 times/week | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.016 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 0.90–0.94 | <0.001 | ||
| ≥3 times/week | 1.02 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.166 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.902 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.00 | 0.044 | ||
| Periodic dental visits (Ref: yes) | |||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.987 | 0.71 | 0.69–0.72 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.65–0.68 | <0.001 | ||
| Periodic scaling (Ref: yes) | |||||||||||
| No | 1.03 | 1.02–1.05 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | 0.007 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.007 | ||
| Brushing before sleep (Ref: yes) | |||||||||||
| No | 1.02 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.021 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.04 | 0.002 | 1.04 | 1.02–1.06 | <0.001 | ||
| Comorbid disease (Ref: normal) | |||||||||||
| Hypertension | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.452 | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.92–0.97 | <0.001 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.21 | 1.18–1.24 | <0.001 | 1.30 | 1.26–1.33 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 1.38–1.48 | <0.001 | ||
| CCI score (Ref: 0) | |||||||||||
| 1 | 0.97 | 0.96–0.99 | <0.001 | 0.95 | 0.93–0.96 | <0.001 | 0.93 | 0.90–0.95 | <0.001 | ||
| ≥2 | 0.92 | 0.91–0.94 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.87–0.92 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.84–0.89 | <0.001 | ||
Boldface denotes statistical significance (P<0.05). The multivariate Cox regression analysis was adjusted for sociodemographic and economic factors (sex, age, household income, insurance status, presence of disability), general health status (BMI, smoking, and drinking status), oral health status (periodic dental visits and scaling, brushing before sleep), and comorbid disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and CCI).
HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, NHIS: National Health Insurance Service, BMI: body mass index, CCI: Charlson comorbidity index.