Fig. 3.

Photothermal responsive liquid crystalline networks (LCNs) and liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) soft grippers. a Photothermal actuation of 4- or 8-armed soft grippers when exposed to 460 nm illumination that are composed of splay- or − 90° twisted nematic alignment patterns in a liquid crystal polymer networks film (reproduced with permission [75]. Copyright 2017, Wiley–VCH). b Flytrap mimetic light responsive self-folding liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) gripper that captures an object according to light illumination intensity feedback (reproduced with permission [76]. Adapted with permission under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License 4.0 license. Copyright 2017, The Authors). c Water Lily flower mimicked thermoresponsive soft liquid crystal networks (LCNs) grippers that can open and close via induced smetic–nematic phase transition in LCNs according to heating and cooling process (reproduced with permission [7]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society). d Light driven actuation of LCNs soft grippers controlled by the mesogen alignment change

(reproduced with permission [28]. Copyright 2017, Wiley–VCH)