Barer 1983.

Methods	Randomised trial on tranexamic acid vs cimetidine vs placebo
Participants	Inclusion criteria: patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding confirmed by observation of haematemesis or melena Number of participants randomly assigned: 516 Mean age: 60‐63 years Proportion: of men: 65% with peptic ulcer: 58% with oesophageal varices: 5% with massive bleeding: 13%
Interventions	Tranexamic acid 1 g IV 4 times/d then 1 g orally 4 times/d vs cimetidine 400 mg IV 4 times/d then 400 mg orally 4 times/d vs placebo
Outcomes	All‐cause mortality, rebleeding, surgery and adverse events
Endoscopy	Performed within 24 hours of admission
Definition of re‐bleeding	Severe hematemesis or fresh melena or a fall in haemoglobin of at least 2 g/dL within 24 hours after the first day of admission
Duration of therapy	7 days
Notes	Kabi Vitrum Ltd and Smith Kline and French supplied medications; details of funding not supplied
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Allocation sequence based on random numbers
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Central packaging of coded drug containers
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double blinding (using placebo)
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Participants and personnel blinded (using placebo)
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcomes assessed in a blinded manner (using placebo)
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	In total, 99 participants were excluded after randomisation. Reporting of follow‐up and handling of missing outcome data are clear
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Mortality and bleeding are reported
Other bias	Low risk	No other apparent biases are reported