for the main comparison.
| Screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) compared with usual care or screening without health professional involvement | ||||||
| Patient or population: women attending healthcare settings for any health‐related reason Settings: healthcare Intervention: face‐to‐face screening or written/computerised screening with result passed to the healthcare professional Comparison: non‐screened women or those whose screening result was not passed on to the healthcare professional or those screened for issues other than IPV | ||||||
| Outcomes | Universal screening for IPV | Control | Effect | Number of participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | |
| Relative effect (95% CI) | Absolute effect (95% CI) | |||||
| Identification of IPV by health professionals (assessed immediately or up to 1 month) | 259/5006 (5.2%) | 86/5068 (1.7%) | OR 2.95 (1.79 to 4.87) | 31 more per 1000 (from 13 more to 61 more) | 10,074 (8 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderate1 |
| 1.7% | 31 more per 1000 (from 13 more to 60 more) | |||||
| Identification of IPV by type of healthcare setting ‐ Antenatal clinics | 24/317 (7.6%) | 6/346 (1.7%) | OR 4.53 (1.82 to 11.27) | 57 more per 1000 (from 14 more to 149 more) | 663 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderate2 |
| 1.7% | 55 more per 1000 (from 13 more to 145 more) | |||||
| Identification of IPV by type of healthcare setting ‐ Maternal health services | 51/594 (8.6%) | 9/235 (3.8%) | OR 2.36 (1.14 to 4.87) | 48 more per 1000 (from 5 more to 124 more) | 829 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderate3 |
| 3.8% | 48 more per 1000 (from 5 more to 124 more) | |||||
| Identification of IPV by type of healthcare setting ‐ Emergency departments | 71/1218 (5.8%) | 36/1390 (2.6%) | OR 2.72 (1.03 to 7.19) | 42 more per 1000 (from 1 more to 135 more) | 2608 (3 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderate1 |
| 1.2% | 20 more per 1000 (from 0 fewer to 67 more) | |||||
| Identification of IPV by type of healthcare setting ‐ Hospital‐based primary care | 25/144 (17.4%) | 18/149 (12.1%) | OR 1.53 (0.79 to 2.94) | 53 more per 1000 (from 23 fewer to 167 more) | 293 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderate3 |
| 12.1% | 53 more per 1000 (from 23 fewer to 167 more) | |||||
| Referrals (assessed immediately) | 7/555 (1.3%) | 4/743 (0.5%) | OR 2.24 (0.64 to 7.86) | 7 more per 1000 (from 2 fewer to 35 more) | 1298 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low4 |
| 0.6% | 7 more per 1000 (from 2 fewer to 39 more) | |||||
| CI: confidence interval; GRADE: Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation; IPV: intimate partner violence; OR: odds ratio. | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. | ||||||
1Downgraded due to heterogeneity. 2Downgraded due to imprecision. 3Downgraded due to risk of bias. 4Downgraded due to imprecision and risk of bias.