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Optogenetic approaches to modulating neural function. Light-sensitive ion channels (channelrhodopsins) can be expressed in neurons of a specific phenotype that, in turn, allow cell membranes to become depolarized (excited) or hyperpolarized (inhibited) by applying light to the cell. Specific wavelengths of light (blue, yellow, etc.) can be used to excite or inhibit cells based upon the type of channelrhodopsin expressed in the neuron [175].
