Figure 2.

LPA signaling pathways. LPA can induce multiple cellular effects via binding to specific GPCRs, including LPAR1–LPAR6, as well as binding to non-GPCRs, such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and intracellular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). After binding to receptors, LPA activates downstream intracellular signaling pathways, thereby resulting in various physiological and pathophysiological responses, as described in detail in the text.