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. 2019 Jun 28;93(14):e00102-19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00102-19

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Copyright © 2019 Ho et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

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FIG 5 — immRNA induces innate immune genes in human antigen-presenting cells. (A to C) Single-cell RNAseq analysis of combined skin APCs from one donor (see Materials and Methods for details). (A) PCA analysis of DEGs in skin cells treated with 3p10LG9 (G9) versus the same batch of cells treated with G9neg. (B) Top six downregulated genes in G9- versus G9neg-treated cells. (C) Top six upregulated genes in G9- versus G9neg-treated cells. Each symbol represents one single cell. (D to F) Bulk RNAseq analysis of combined skin APCs from five donors (see Materials and Methods for details). Suffixes -T, -B, and -A refer to individual donors. (D) Heat map display of fold changes upon stimulation of genes labeled by the gene ontology term GO:0002230, “positive regulation of defense response to virus by host.” (E) Comparison of fold changes between G9 and pIC stimulations with only the upregulated genes. (F) Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of genes differentially expressed by G9 stimulation, showing the most significant overlaps between the top 10 pathways per cell type.