Table 1.
Rates of hyperprogression in patients receiving immune checkpoints inhibitors.
| Study Drugs | Cancer Type | Definition of Hyperprogression | Number of Patients | Rates | Predictive Factors Identified | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (phase 1 trials) | All cancer | RECIST progression and ≥2-fold increase TGR |
131 | 9% | Age > 65 years old | [14] |
| PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | NSCLC | RECIST progression and ∆TGR > 50% |
406 | 13.8% | >2 metastatic sites | [18] |
| ICI and/or costimulatory molecules (phase 1 trials) | All cancer | RECIST progression and ≥2-fold increase TGR |
182 | 7% | Female gender | [19] |
| PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | HNSCC | ≥2-fold increase TGK | 34 | 29% | Regional recurrence in the irradiated field | [15] |
| ICI | NSCLC | RECIST progression and at least 3 of: TTF < 2 months or ≥50% increase of sum of target lesions major diameter or ≥2 new lesions in organ already involved or Spread to a new organ or ECOG PS ≥ 2 |
152 | 25.7% | Density of myeloperoxidase myeloid cells within the tumor Low PD-L1 expression in tumor cells |
[20] |
| ICI or costimulatory molecules | All cancer | TTF < 2 months and >50% increase in tumor burden (irRECIST) and ≥2-fold increase in progression pace |
155 | 4% | EGFR, MDM2/4 and DNMT3A alterations | [21] |
| ICI (phase 1 trials) |
All cancer | TTF < 2 months and ≥10mm increase in measurable lesions and ≥40% increase in target tumor burden or >20% plus appearance of multiple new lesions |
214 | 15% | [22] |
HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; irRECIST, immune-related response-evaluation criteria in solid tumors; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; RECIST, response-evaluation criteria in solid tumors; TGK, tumor growth kinetics; TGR, tumor growth rate; TTF, time to treatment failure.