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. 2019 Jun 1;20(11):2706. doi: 10.3390/ijms20112706

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cause and effect diagram of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-related diseases. Although intermittent hypoxia (IH) in OSA is a known risk factor for diabetes, systematic hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, the cellular mechanisms underlying the relationship between IH and cardiovascular diseases remain elusive. Despite a large number of studies of IH, the molecular mechanism of IH on vascular smooth muscle cells is less established.