Table 1.
Murine model of gastric cancer.
| Model | Incidence (%) | Periods or Age Onset | Phenotype | Causative Mechanism | References No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical carcinogen/Bacterial infection induced | |||||
| MNU | (1) 60% (2) 19% |
> 50 weeks | Adenocarcinoma | An alkylating reagent in experimental gastric carcinogenesis | (1) [65] (2) [66] |
| H. felis | 80% | < 6months | Severe gastritis | More susceptible Helicobacter spp for C57BL/6 murine model | [68] |
| MNU + H. felis | 40% | 9 months | Adenoma | [69] | |
| Gene-targeting | |||||
| pS2 (TFF1)−/− | 30% | 5 months | Dysplasia | Lacking normal gastric mucus | [71] |
| Gan (K19-Wnt1/C2mETg) | 100% | < 10 months | Carcinoma | Excess of COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 | [79] |
| INS-GAS | 85% | > 20 months | Intramucosal carcinoma | Hyperexpression of gastrin | [80] |
| INS-GAS + H. felis | < 8 months | ||||
| GAS−/− | 60% | 1 year | Displasia | Lacking gastrin | [72] |
| Atp4a−/− | 100% | 1 year | Incomplete intestinal metaplasia | Lacking H+K+ ATPase | [73] |
| Atp4b-SV40 | 60% | 1 year | Carcinoma, invasion (Lymphatic–vascular), metastasis (liver) | Expression of SV40 in parietal cells | [81] |
| Atp4b- (CDH1xTrp53)−/− | 100% | 1 year | Metastasized to lymph nodes | Lacking E-cadherin and p53 in parietal cells | [82] |
| ATP4b-hIL-1b | 30% | 1 year | Dysplasia, Adenocarcinoma | MDSCs recruitment via IL-1RI/NF-κB pathway | [78] |
| Kvlqt1−/− | 100% | 3 months | Hyperplasia in gastric neck cells | Lacking potassium channel | [83] |
| K-ras G12D (systemic) | 100% | < 18 days | Metaplasia | Hyperactivation of MAPK by K-ras mutation | [74] |
| Tgfβ1-C33S | 40% | 4-5 months | Well-differentiated adenocarcinomas | Unable forming latent TGF-β binding protein-1 | [75] |
| Smad3−/− | 100% | 10 months | Tumors, invasive neoplasia | Excess of cytosolic E-cadherin | [76] |
| Smad4−/− | 100% | > 1 year | Invasive carcinoma | Increased cyclin1 and upregulation of TGF-β1 | [77] |
| RUNX3−/− | 70% | > 1 year | Hyperplasia, Chief cells loss and increased cdx2 | Enhanced Wnt-β catenin signaling by RUNX3 loss | [84] |
| gp130757F | 100% | 3 months | Adenoma | Abrogating SHP2-Ras-ERK signaling | [63] |
| T3b-SOCS3−/− | 100% | 2 months | Carcinoma | Augment of leptin expression and ObR-STAT3 signaling by gastrointestinal cell- specific SOCS3 loss | [62] |