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Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-induced apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocytes. (A,B) Intracellular ROS is produced through the alcohol metabolism via CYP2E1 and NADPH oxidase. These induced ROS level cause hepatocyte apoptosis through AMPK, GSH, AKT, JNK/STAT3, and NF-κB pathways. (C) Alcohol consumption activates Kupffer cells to release TNF-α AND IL-1β, which then activates the Fas ligand-dependent caspase pathway to induce hepatocyte apoptosis.
