Table 1.
Biochemical compounds responsible for plant defense against herbivores.
| Family | Plant | Secondary Metabolite Form | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aceraceae | Acer velutinum | Td.S | [38] |
| Agavaceae | Agave sisalana | S.A | [39] |
| Amaranthaceae | Achyranthes bidentata | Te.S; Bidentatoside II and chikusetsusaponin V methyl ester. | [40] |
| Chenopodium quinoa | Td.S | [1,41] | |
| Beta vulgaris | Td.S | [42,43] | |
| Apiaceae | Steganotaenia araliacea | Td.S | [44] |
| Aquifoliaceae | Ilex opaca | [45] | |
| Araliaceae | Panax ginseng | Te.S; Ginsenosides, glycosides of triterpenoid aglycones | [46,47] |
| Asparagaceae | Yucca schidigera | S.S | [48,49] |
| Asparagus officinalis | S.S | [1,41] | |
| Asteraceae | Atractylis flava | Td.S | [50] |
| Brassicacea | B. vulgaris | Td.S; hederagenincellobioside, oleanolic acid cellobioside, epihederagenincellobioside, and gypsogenincellobioside | [4,51,52,53] |
| Campanulaceae | Platycodon grandiflorum | Td.S | [54] |
| Caryophyllaceae | Saponaria officinalis | Td.S | [55,56,57] |
| Columelliaceae | Desfontainia spinose | Triterpenoids | [58] |
| Combretaceae | Combretum nigricans | Cytotoxic pentacyclic triterpenes | [59] |
| Compositae | Aster auriculatus | Td.S | [60] |
| As. tataricus | Triterpene glycoside | [61] | |
| As. ageratoides | Td.S | [62] | |
| As. batagensis | Td.S | [63,64,65] | |
| As. bellidiastrum | Td.S | [66,67] | |
| As. lingulatus | Td.S | [68,69] | |
| As. scaber | Td.S | [70] | |
| As. sedifolius | Oleane-type saponins; Astersedifolioside A, B and C | [71] | |
| As. yunnamensis | Td.S | [64,72,73] | |
| Cucurbitaceae | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Gypenosides | [74,75] |
| Momordica charantia | Td.S | [76] | |
| Dioscoreae | Dioscorea spp. | Te.S, Dioscin | [77,78] |
| Fabaceae | Glycyrrhiza spp. | Glycyrrhizin; Td.S | [79,80] |
| Medicago sativa | Td.S | [81,82,83] | |
| Desmodium adscendens | Td.S | [84,85] | |
| Flacourtiaceae | Aphloia madagascariensis | Te.S | [86] |
| Flacourtiaceae | Aphloia theiformis | Te.S | [87] |
| Hippocastanaceae | Aesculus spp. | Td.S; Escins Polyhydroxyoleanene pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins; Aesculiosides | [88,89,90,91,92] |
| Lamiaceae | Salvia staminea | Td.S, salvistamineol | [93] |
| Lecythidaceae | Petersianthus macrocarpus | Td.S | [94,95] |
| Barringtonia acutangula | Monodesmosidic glucuronide saponins; Barringtosides A, B and C | [96] | |
| Liliaceae | Allium aflatunense | S.S | [97,98] |
| A. albanum | S.S | [99] | |
| A. albiflorus | S.S | [100] | |
| A. albopilosum | S.G | [101] | |
| A. ampeloprasum | S.S | [102,103,104] | |
| A. ascalonicum | S.S | [105] | |
| A. cepa | S.S; furostanol saponins, ceposide A, B, and C | [106,107,108,109] | |
| A. chinense | S.S | [110,111,112] | |
| A. elburzense | S.S | [113] | |
| A. erubescens | S.S | [114,115] | |
| A. fistulosum | S.S | [116] | |
| A. giganteum | S.S | [97,117,118,119] | |
| A. jesdianum | S.G | [120] | |
| A. karataviense | S.S | [121,122] | |
| A. macleanii | S.G | [123] | |
| A. macrostemon | Furostanol glycosides | [124] | |
| A. narcissiflorum | S.S | [125,126,127] | |
| A. nutans | S.S | [128,129] | |
| A. ostrowskianum | S.G | [101] | |
| A. porrum | Spirostane-type saponin | [130,131,132] | |
| A. sativum | S.S | [111,133,134,135] | |
| A. schubertii | S.S | [136] | |
| A. sphaerosephalon | Furostanol saponin | [137] | |
| A. senescens | S.G | [123] | |
| A. triquetrum | S.S | [138] | |
| A. tuberosum | S.S | [139,140] | |
| A. turcomanicum | S.S | [141] | |
| A. vineale | Molluscicidal saponins | [142] | |
| A. waldstenii | Steroids of spirostan and furostan series | [115] | |
| Loganiaceae | Antonia ovata | Td.S | [143] |
| Myrsinaceae | Myrsine pellucida | Te.S | [144] |
| Tapeinosperma clethroides | Glucuronide saponins: Desacyl-jegosaponin, desacylboninsaponin A, and sakuraso-saponin | [145,146] | |
| Nyctaginaceae | Pisonia umbellifera | Oleanolic acid saponins and Seco-glycopyranosyl moiety. | [147] |
| Phyllanthaceae | Glochidion eriocarpum | Cytotoxic oleane-type triterpene saponins | [148] |
| Phytolaccaceae | Phytolacca bogotensis | Te.S | [149] |
| Poaceae | Avena sativa | S.S | [1] |
| Quillajaceae | Quillaja saponaria | Te.S | [150,151] |
| Ranunculaceae | Anemone flaccida | Te.S | [152,153] |
| Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus joazeiro | Triterpenicaglycone | [39] |
| Rosaceae | Rosa laevigata | Triterpene glucosides | [154] |
| Sapindaceae | Smelophyllum capense | Te.S | [155] |
| Filicium decipiens | Te.S | [156] | |
| Harpullia cupanioides | Triterpenoïdes | [157,158] | |
| Sapindus mukorossi | [159] | ||
| Sapotaceae | Tridesmostemon claessenssi | Tridesmosaponin A and B | [160] |
| Gambeya boukokoensis | Gamboukokoensides A and B | [161] | |
| Mimusops spp. | Td.S | [162] | |
| Solanaceae | Solanum tuberosum | S.S | [1] |
| S. melongena | S.S | [1,41] | |
| Capsicum species | S.S; four glucose moieties and three glucose moieties | [1,163] | |
| Symplocaceae | Symplocos chinensis | Td.S | [164,165,166] |
| Theaceae | Camellia sinensis | Td.S | [41] |
S.A = Steroidal aglycone; S.S = Steroid saponins; S.G = Steroidal glycosides; St.S = Steroidal saponins; Td.S = Triterpenoid Saponins; Te.S = Triterpene saponins