| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| AKT | Protein kinase B |
| CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
| CMPF | 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanopropanoic acid |
| DKD | Diabetic kidney disease |
| FOXO | Forkhead box O |
| HMCs | Human glomerular mesangial cells |
| IRS | Insulin receptor substrate |
| mtDNA | Mitochondrial DNA |
| PBMCs | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
| PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| T2D | Type 2 diabetes |
| UCP2 | Uncoupling protein-2 |
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