Table 4.

Summary of Animal Studies on the Impact of Advanced Glycation End Products in Noncommunicable Diseases.

Type of Study	Purpose of the Study	Duration of Intervention or Follow-up	Study Population Characteristics	Key Findings	Reference
Experimental study	To investigate role of feeding AGE to fruit fly on health and life span	30 Days	N = 6-120; Drosophila melanogaster	• Decreased life span • Increased age-related functional decline • Decreased proteasome • Increased lysosomal cathepsins	26
Experimental study	To investigate effect of dietary AGE load on life span	140 Weeks	N = 84; C57BL/6 mice	• Decreased life span on high AGE diet	27
Experimental study	To investigate role of AGE in gestational DM	18 Days	N = 6-10; rabbits	• Maternal DM initiates AGE formation in preimplantation embryos • AGE accumulates in blastocysts if the maternal DM is poorly controlled	38
Experimental (in vitro) study	To investigate the effects of exogenous AGE on different eye compartments	—	—	• Diabetic keratopathy and endothelial cell loss in cornea leading to cataract formation • Promotion of microvascular damage to retina	47-49
Experimental (in vivo) study	To investigate the effects of anti-AGE agents on soft wound healing	28 Days	N = 72, male Sprague-Dawley rats	• Anti-AGE agents aminoguanidine and N-phenacylthiazolium bromide facilitated the healing of palatal wounds via the inhibition of the AGE-RAGE axis	58
Experimental (in vivo) study	To investigate the effects of anti-AGE agents (sRAGE) on wound healing	21 Days	N = 4-7; C57BLKS+/+Leprdb mice	Administration of RAGE antagonist sRAGE promotes wound healing	61
Experimental (in vivo) study	To investigate the effects of anti-AGE agents (aminoguanidine) on wound healing	28 Days	N = 6; Sprague-Dawley rats	Anti-AGE agents appeared to facilitate palatal wound healing by reducing AGE-associated inflammation and promoting the recovery process	58
Experimental (in vivo) study	To investigate transgenerational effect of feeding isocaloric diets with or without AGEs on insulin resistance and diabetes	4 Generations	N = 12; C57BL6 mice per observation group	By generation 3 mice manifested increased adiposity and premature insulin resistance compared to mice on AGE-free diet	119
Experimental (in vivo) study	To examine the effect of chronic consumption of AGEs on renal function	6 Weeks	N = 12; male Wistar rats	Long-term consumption of a diet rich in AGEs may lead to damage of the kidneys	123, 124

Abbreviations: AGE, advanced glycation end products; DM, diabetes mellitus; RAGE, receptor for AGE; sRAGE, soluble RAGE.