. 2019 May 30;20(11):2668. doi: 10.3390/ijms20112668

Table 2.

Regulation of DUSP protein stability or phosphatase activity.

	Stimuli	Stability	Modification	Modification Enzyme	Experimental Methods				Reference
	Stimuli	Stability	Modification	Modification Enzyme	Protein Level	Half-Life	Ubiquitination	Proteasome Inhibitor	Reference
DUSP1	Serum	↓	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser296 ^†/Ser323 ^†); Ubiquitination↑	ERK; CUL1	✓	✓	✓	LLnL; MG132	[28,54]
	Estradiol	↑	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser359 ^†/Ser364 ^†)	ERK	✓	✓	✓	LLnL; MG132; Lactacystin	[56]
	LPS	↑	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser359 ^†/Ser364 ^†)	ERK	✓	✓	?	MG132; PS-341	[57]
	Pb²⁺	↓	Ubiquitination↑		✓	✓	✓	LLnL; MG132	[27]
	Glutamate/ PKCδ	↓	Ubiquitination↑		✓		✓	MG132; LLnL; Lactacystin	[31]
	Atrogin-1 upregulation	↓	Ubiquitination↑	Atrogin-1	✓	✓	✓	MG132	[33]
	USP49 upregulation	↑	Ubiquitination↓	USP49	✓		✓	MG132	[34]
	KLF5 upregulation	↑	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser359 ^†/Ser364 ^†)	ERK	✓	✓		MG132	[58]
	LPS	↑	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser359 ^†/Ser364 ^†)	ERK	✓	✓			[59]
	Insulin	↑	Phosphorylation↑		✓			MG132; Lactacystin	[63]
	Asbestos/ ROS	↓	Oxidation↑		✓			MG132	[82]
	TNFα/ ROS	↓	Oxidation↑		✓			MG132	[79]
	ROS	↓	S-glutathionylation↑ (human Cys258 ^†)		✓			MG132	[81]
	Glucocorticoid	↑			✓			MG132; LLnL	[60]
	EGF plus Lactoferrin	↓			✓			MG132	[32]
	Angiotensin II/ PKA	↓			✓			Bortezomib	[35]
	CaMKII inhibition	↓			✓			MG132	[64]
	Luteolin/ Superoxide	↓			✓	✓		MG132	[80]
DUSP2	ERK4	↑			✓	✓			[65]
DUSP4	LPS	↑	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser386 ^†/Ser391 ^†)	ERK	✓	✓	?	MG132; PS-341	[57]
	ERK inhibitor	↓	Phosphorylation↓ (human Ser386 ^†/Ser391 ^†); Ubiquitination↑	ERK	✓	✓	✓	MG132	[67]
	Cd²⁺ / Oxidative stress	↓	Oxidation↑	GSSG	✓				[83]
	8-Bromo-cAMP	↑			✓	✓		MG132	[38]
	Senescence	↑			✓	✓		MG132	[37]
DUSP5	ERK2 binding	↑	Ubiquitination↓		✓	✓	✓	MG132	[39]
DUSP6	Serum	↓	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser159 ^†/Ser197 ^†) Ubiquitination↑	ERK	✓	✓	✓	LLnL; Lactacystin	[70,73]
	ROS	↓	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser159 ^†/Ser197 ^†); Ubiquitination↑		✓		✓	MG132	[43]
	PDGF	↓	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser174 ^†); Ubiquitination↑		✓	✓	✓	MG132	[74]
	P2X7 nucleotide, EGF	↓	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser197 ^†)	ERK	✓	✓		MG132	[71]
	Insulin	↓	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser159 ^†/Ser197 ^†)	ERK	✓	✓			[72]
	Amino acid, insulin, IGF-1/ mTOR	↓	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser159 ^†)		✓	✓			[73]
	PKCδ downregulation	↓			✓			MG132	[46]
	TSH	↑			✓	✓		MG132	[44]
	Metformin/ AMP-activated protein kinase	↓			✓			MG132	[45]
	EGF plus Lactoferrin	↓			✓			MG132	[32]
DUSP7	Hypoxic stress/ HIFs	↓	Ubiquitination↑	SPOP	✓		✓	MG132	[47]
DUSP8	Anisomycin	↓	Phosphorylation↑; Ubiquitination↑	JNK	✓	✓	?	Lactacystin	[52]
DUSP9	LincU upregulation	↑	Ubiquitination↓		✓	✓	✓	MG132	[53]
DUSP10	Insulin	↑	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser224 ^†/Ser230 ^†)	mTORC2	✓	✓			[75]
DUSP14	TCR signaling	(Activity↑)	Methylation↑ (human Arg17 ^†/Arg38 ^†/Arg45); Ubiquitination↑ (human Lys103 ^†)	PRMT5; TRAF2	✓		✓		[86,87]
DUSP16	ERK upregulation	↑	Phosphorylation↑ (human Ser446 ^†); Ubiquitination↓	ERK	✓	✓	✓	MG132; MG115	[77,78]

^† denotes the amino acid residue is conserved in both human and mouse proteins. LPS denotes lipopolysaccharides. TSH denotes thyroid-stimulating hormone. GSSG denotes glutathione disulfide.