Abstract
Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health care providers toward the use of online medical databases for clinical decision-making processes.
Subjects and methods: The study population included all the licensed oral health care providers living in Rwanda, registered either with the Rwanda Allied Health Professional Council (RAHPC) or Rwanda Medical and Dental Council (RMDC). A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic data as well as data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health care providers regarding the use of online medical databases for making clinical decisions. A pilot study with 12 oral health care providers was done before the main study to pretest the questionnaire.
Results: The study results show that among the 201 respondents, 80% (N=160) reported using internet-based resources to support their clinical decisions, while 20% (N=41) of oral health care providers do not use online resources when making their clinical decisions. In general, there was a positive attitude towards internet-based resources among the participants, as 92% (N=184) respondents believe that internet-based resources are helpful in clinical decision-making processes. Of clinical importance, 68% respondents (N=136) believe that by using current internet-based information, better clinical care can be offered to their patients.
Conclusion: Educating oral health care providers on the useful and appropriate online resources available for supporting clinical decision-making processes might increase the efficiency of patient care.
Keywords: oral health, internet access, clinical resources, awareness
Introduction
Historically, most health care providers have relied on printed materials to inform their treatment plan decisions for their patients.1 However, the printed literature often provided by the traditional library must be refreshed periodically to provide updated information to be useful for unique clinical questions that arise at the point of patient care.1 Searching for relevant clinical information in paper-based format is very time consuming.2 Fortunately, the availability of portable wireless devices can make medical information readily accessible so that clinicians can deliver efficient patient care.3
The lack of real-time availability of the necessary information at the point of patient care delivery is an obstacle faced by health care providers in developing countries. The lack of familiarity with use of computerized information technology and often limited internet access hinder health care providers from taking advantage of online medical resources and hence likely impair the clinical decision-making process.4 With various communicable and noncommunicable diseases on the rise in developing countries, dental and medical health care providers must continuously seek current knowledge related to the diagnosis and management of these conditions. By using current online dental and medical resources, physicians and oral health professionals are likely to improve their clinical decision-making processes to provide better patient care.5 The online medical database tools facilitate health care workers to make better-informed clinical decisions in a shorter period of time resulting in more accurate diagnosis and more effective treatment of the patient.6
For this reason, medical and dental health care providers must be familiar with the online medical databases and resources. In developed countries, use of online or web-based tools to aid clinical care is a widespread practice. A study in Sweden related to the follow-up care of chronic heart failure patients found that 67% of health care workers used web-based or online resources, with 74% of respondents reporting positive attitudes toward application of information, communication and technology (ICT) in health care; interestingly, up to 96% were optimistic regarding the future positive contribution of ICT in health care.7 On the African continent, limited access to ICT infrastructure and low rates of computer literacy have been cited as an obstacle towards uptake and utilization of web-based health care resources for clinical decision making and providing health care, especially amongst female health care workers, who form the bulk of the health care workforce in Africa.8 In Rwanda, the national ICT policy encourages the leverage of ICT in all sectors to achieve the Vision 2020 goals to improve the overall health status of the population. This also applies to the health sector where electronic medical records (EMR) and electronic health management information system (EHMIS) technologies to enhance patient care are being rolled out. The extent of use of online medical databases to support clinical decision-making processes and patient care among the oral health care providers in Rwanda is not yet known.
This study seeks to ascertain knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health care providers on their use of online medical databases in the clinical decision-making process. We have surveyed all of the dental therapists and dental surgeons living in Rwanda who were registered either with the Rwanda Allied Health Professional Council (RAHPC) or the Rwanda Medical and Dental Council (RMDC) on March 2016.
Materials and methods
Study design
A cross-sectional quantitative survey method was used to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health care providers towards the use of the online medical database for making clinical decisions.
Study population
The study population included all licensed oral health care providers (dental therapists and dental surgeons) registered within the RAHPC and the RMDC who reside in Rwanda. A census approach was adopted, and all 245 licensed oral health care providers were sampled.
Data collection
An online and printed self-administered structured questionnaire with open-ended and closed questions was used to collect data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices of oral health care professionals towards the use of online medical databases for making clinical decisions. The questionnaire was written both in English and French in simple language to be understood by the participants. The questionnaire was adapted, validated and modified from earlier published studies.9,10 An electronic questionnaire was designed and piloted with 12 dental health professionals before being disseminated using an online Google form for participants with internet access and a paper version for participants with slow or with no internet access. The pilot study was done to determine if the questionnaire met the study objectives and the validity of translation. The questionnaire captured the following variables: (a) dependent variables: use of internet-based resources to support the clinical decision; (b) independent variables: demographic characteristics (education level, sex, age); knowledge about the online medical database (computer access and literacy, awareness of different medical resources. Attitude toward the use of online medical resources (perception, belief, etc).
Data analysis
Data from online responses were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Both descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used, using SPSS analyzing software. Descriptive statistics was generated for the variables used to measure the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice, along with the demographic profiling of the respondent oral health care providers. Bivariate analysis was used to generate both cross tabulation and chi-squared tests to analyze the relationship that may exist between outcome variables and explanatory variables. A P-value of 0.05 was used to assess the strength of the relationship, where P-value <0.05 implies a statistically significant relationship between the outcome variable and predictors.
Ethical considerations
Ethical clearance for conducting the research was obtained from the University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS) Institutional Review Board (IRB) Ethical Committee Permission number 096/CMHS IRB/2016. The permission to access the contact details of members of RAHPC and RMDC on the participants was kept confidential and protected from unauthorized users. For the electronic version, participants were informed about the objectives and purpose of the study via email and invited to participate in the online Google form. Those participants who expressed interest in participating in the survey were directed to a consent page where they gave electronic informed consent before being directed to the main questionnaire. There was no obligation for the participants to respond the questionnaire. For the paper version, informed consent was signed before collecting the data with the self-administered questionnaire. Participating oral health care providers were neither benefited nor harmed from their voluntary participation, but they may become aware of available online medical databases for clinical decision-making processes.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Only dental therapists and dental surgeons with an active professional license to practice dentistry in Rwanda, as of March 2016, were included in this study. Unregistered oral health care providers were excluded from this study. Registered oral health care providers without an active license were also excluded from this study.
Results
Demographic characteristics of the participants
Of the 201 respondents, 68% (N=137) were male and 32% (N=64) female, giving a male to female ratio of 2:1. The majority of respondents, 65% (N=130) were in the 31 to 40 years of age group (Table 1). In terms of work location, 65% (N=131) of respondents were from urban areas; The majority of respondents, 51% (N=102), were employed in the private health sector. The demographic details of the study population are summarized in Table 1
Table 1.
Demographic information of the studied population
| Demographic variable | Frequency (N) | Percentage % |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male Female |
137 64 |
68 32 |
| Age groups, N=201 | ||
| 20–30 years 31–40 years 41–50 years |
53 130 18 |
26 65 9 |
| Working location | ||
| Urban area Rural area |
131 70 |
65 35 |
| Employment | ||
| Private health sector Public health sector |
131 70 |
65 35 |
Level of awareness of online clinical decision-making tools
The majority of the respondents 59% (N=119) were not aware of PubMed database, 70% (N=142) were not aware of the database drug.com, 83% (N=168) were not aware of Medscape and 85% (N=171) were not aware of MedlinePlus as clinical decision-making support tools (Table 2). Despite low awareness of medical databases, 81% (N=161) of oral health care providers were using Google, and also 60% (N=119) were using YouTube videos for their professional needs (Table 3).
Table 2.
Frequency and percentage distribution on the awareness of peer-reviewed clinical decision support tools among oral health care providers
| Awareness of clinical decision support tools among oral health care providers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed N (%) | Drug.com N (%) | Medscape N (%) | MedlinePlus N (%) | |
| Yes | 82 (41) | 59 (29) | 33 (16) | 30 (14) |
| No | 119 (59) | 142 (71) | 168 (84) | 171 (85) |
Table 3.
Frequency and percentage distribution of other online resources used for making a clinical decision
| Resources | Yes, N (%) | No, N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| YouTube | 119 (60) | 81 (40) |
| 161 (81) | 39 (19) | |
| Wikipedia | 70 (35) | 131 (65) |
| Yahoo search | 33 (16) | 168 (84) |
Attitude toward the use of online medical databases and resources
There was a high agreement amongst the respondents regarding the use of online medical databases and resources for supporting clinical decision; most of the respondents believe that availability of online resources can help them to make clinical decisions to resolve challenging clinical situations. The analyzed data is presented in Tables 4 and 5. A significant association was found between the use of internet-based resources to address clinical decision-making needs. Internet-based resources were also believed to be beneficial to patient care (Table 5).
Table 4.
Summarized data of attitude toward the use of online medical databases and resources
| Attitude toward the use of online medical database | Oral health care providers | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Agree, N (%) | Disagree, N (%) | Neutral, N (%) | |
| Internet-based resources address my clinical decision-making needs. | 184 (92) | 11 (5) | 6 (3) |
| Internet-based resources are an important part of my clinical practice. | 174 (87) | 14 (7) | 13 (6) |
| I believe the information provided on internet-based resources is beneficial to my patients. | 136 (68) | 9 (4) | 56 (28) |
| I believe that having internet and computer in our dental services will facilitate proper use of online resources. | 197 (98) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) |
| I have confidence in the reliability of the information found on internet-based resources. | 142 (71) | 27 (13) | 32 (16) |
Table 5.
Association between attitude and using internet-based resources for taking clinical decision support.
| Independent variable | Dependent variable |
|---|---|
| Use of internet-based resources to support clinical decision among oral health care providers (N=201) | |
| N (frequency of “agree”) | |
| Internet-based resources address my clinical decision-making needs; (92%)* | 184 |
| Internet-based resources are an important part of my clinical practice; (87%)* | 174 |
| I believe the information provided on the internet-based resources is beneficial to my patients (68%)* | 136 |
| I have confidence in the reliability of the information found on internet-based resources (71%)* | 142 |
Note: *P-value <0.05
Usage of a smartphone application for clinical decision-making amongst respondents
Of the 201 respondents, 49.7% (N=100) agree that the use of a smartphone application for clinical decision making is useful, while 20.4% (N=41) disagree on the use of the smartphone as a useful tool. The remaining 29% of the respondents were neutral. The findings are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6.
Usage of smartphone applications for clinical decision making amongst the respondents
| Oral health care providers | Use of smartphone applications for clinical decision-making processes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agree N (%) |
Disagree N (%) | Neutral N (%) |
Total N (%) |
|
| Total | 100 (49.7) | 41 (20.4) | 60 (29.9) | 201 (100.0) |
List of frequently searched online information amongst oral health care providers
With regard to which information was most often searched for on line, 34.8% (N=70) of the respondents reported searching for clinical procedure information, while 24.8% (N=50) searched for drug prescription information and 5% (N=10) of respondents searched for information on drug interaction (Table 7).
Table 7.
Distribution of the information frequently search online amongst oral healthcare providers
| Information frequently searched online | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic | Drug prescription | Drug adverse effects | Clinical procedures | Drug interactions |
| 28 (13.9%) |
50 (24.9%) |
33 (16.4%) |
70 (34.8%) |
10 (5%) |
Distribution of use of internet resources for clinical decision-making by gender
The relationship between sex and the use of internet-based resources during clinical decision-making process results show that 78% (N=107) of males among total male respondents (N=137) used internet-based resources to support their clinic decision, while 83% (N=53) of females among 64 total female respondents used internet-based resources to support their clinical decision (Table 8).
Table 8.
Distribution of participants by use of internet-based resources for clinical decision and gender
| Use of internet-based resources to support clinical decisions | Sex | |
|---|---|---|
| Female N=64 | Male N=137 | |
| Yes | 83% (N=53) | 78% (N=107) |
| No | 17% (N=11) | 22% (N=30) |
Discussion
The study results show that among the total 201 of oral health care provider respondents, 80% (N=160) were using internet-based resources to support their clinic decisions, while 20% (N=41) were not using online resources to make their clinic decisions. Our results show that 81% of oral health care providers were using Google as the main entry point for identifying online clinical decision-making tools during patient care and this is comparable to a recently published study that showed most of the health care providers utilized Google more often on a daily basis as a supporting tool for making their clinical decisions.11 However the information found on this search engine should be carefully screened to ensure use of peer-reviewed sources.
There was insufficient knowledge amongst oral health care providers related to the awareness of specific online medical database for supporting clinical decision as we see that 94% of the respondents own a smartphone, but the only 6% of respondents are aware of the specific mobile applications that support clinical decisions. Increasing awareness of the utility of smartphone applications in accessing online medical databases is needed. This study reveals that in general, the oral health scare providers are willing to take advantage of the peer-reviewed online sources for information supporting their clinical decisions. However, one of the negative findings is the use of non-peer reviewed sites to inform clinical decisions.
Accurate and prompt decisions for diagnosis and treatment are necessary for optimal oral health care delivery. Computerized clinical decision support systems (CDSS) have many features that could be of enormous help in dealing complicated or new situations. The effective use of online medical databases for CDSS can be utilized with only a minimal level of computer literacy. Web-based online CDSS applications such as Medscape are accessible via computer or smartphone to inform health care providers about diagnostic investigations, drug dosing, drug interactions, and adverse effects, all of which are critical in a clinical setting.12
Conclusion
In conclusion, in our study the majority of registered oral health care providers in Rwanda can retrieve online information through internet-based tools; however, an effort to encourage practitioners to refer to peer-reviewed sources is needed to ensure that practitioners are utilizing reliable, current and evidence-based information to manage their patients, by providing necessary care, ranging from preventive care13–15 to nutritional care16–22 to therapeutic care.23–25 Organizing courses to inform the oral health care providers about peer-reviewed online professional databases will increase the accuracy of their clinical decision-making.
Study limitations
Study limitations: (1) anticipated problems and limitations included nonresponse, limited time for data collection, data analysis and logistical challenges related to lack of funding, transport problems and internet accessibility. To address these problems both online and hard copy questionnaires were used to address internet connectivity issues. Dental health workers who refused to consent in this study were excluded. (2) Potential policy implication: the results reveal a need for more advanced education amongst Rwandan practitioners in resources and methods for evidence-based practice.
Acknowledgments
Doctors Hackely and Razzaque are faculties at the School of Dentistry at the University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences through Rwanda Human Resources for Health (HRH) program in collaboration with Harvard School of Dental Medicine. The article processing charge of this manuscript is supported by the Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
- 1.Del Fiol G, Workman TE, Gorman PN. Clinical questions raised by clinicians at the point of care: a systematic review. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(5):710–718. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.368 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Chiu YW, Weng YH, Lo HL, et al. Physicians’ characteristics in the usage of online database: a representative nationwide survey of regional hospitals in Taiwan. Inform Health Soc Care. 2009;34(3):127–135. doi: 10.1080/17538150903102372 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Bergeron B. Online medical databases. MedGenMed. 2003;5(2):44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Bertulis R. Barriers to accessing evidence-based information. Nurs Stand. 2008;22(36):35–39. doi: 10.7748/ns2008.05.22.36.35.c6541 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Westbrook JI, Gosling AS, Coiera E. Do clinicians use online evidence to support patient care? A study of 55,000 clinicians. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2004;11(2):113–120. doi: 10.1197/jamia.M1385 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Patel R, Green W, Shahzad MW, Larkin C. Use of mobile clinical decision support software by junior doctors at a UK Teaching Hospital: identification and evaluation of barriers to engagement. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015;3(3):e80. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.3949 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Gund A, Lindecrantz K, Schaufelberger M, Patel H, Sjoqvist BA. Attitudes among healthcare professionals towards ICT and home follow-up in chronic heart failure care. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2012;12:138. doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-114 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Sukums F, Mensah N, Mpembeni R, Kaltschmidt J, Haefeli WE, Blank A. Health workers’ knowledge of and attitudes towards computer applications in rural African health facilities. Glob Health Action. 2014;7(1):24534. doi: 10.3402/gha.v7.25484 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Bahammam MA, Linjawi AI. Knowledge, attitude, and barriers towards the use of evidence based practice among senior dental and medical students in western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2014;35(10):1250–1256. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Gupta SK, Nayak RP, Shivaranjani R, Vidyarthi SK. A questionnaire study on the knowledge, attitude, and the practice of pharmacovigilance among the healthcare professionals in a teaching hospital in South India. Perspect Clin Res. 2015;6(1):45–52. doi: 10.4103/2229-3485.148816 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.De Groote SL, Shultz M, Blecic DD. Information-seeking behavior and the use of online resources: a snapshot of current health sciences faculty. J Med Libr Assoc. 2014;102(3):169–176. doi: 10.3163/1536-5050.102.3.006 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Sahota N, Lloyd R, Ramakrishna A, et al. Computerized clinical decision support systems for acute care management: a decision-maker-researcher partnership systematic review of effects on process of care and patient outcomes. Implement Sci. 2011;6:91. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-91 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Sams LD, Rozier RG, Quinonez RB. Training Requirements and. Curriculum content for primary care providers delivering preventive oral health services to children enrolled in medicaid. Fam Med. 2016;48(7):556–560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Vamos CA, Quinonez R, Gaston A, Sinton J. Addressing early preventive oral health care among young children: a pilot evaluation of the Baby Oral Health Program (bOHP) among dental professionals. J Dent Hyg. 2014;88(4):202–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Kandelman D, Arpin S, Baez RJ, Baehni PC, Petersen PE. Oral health care systems in developing and developed countries. Periodontol 2000. 2012;60(1):98–109. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00427.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Touger-Decker R, Mobley C. Academy of nutrition and dietetics. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: oral health and nutrition. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(5):693–701. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.03.001 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Uwitonze AM, Murererehe J, Ineza MC, et al. Effects of vitamin D status on oral health. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:190–194. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.020 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Brown RB, Razzaque MS. Phosphate toxicity and tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2018;1869(2):303–309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS. Role of magnesium in vitamin D activation and function. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018;118(3):181–189. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2018.037 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Uwitonze AM, Uwambaye P, Isyagi M, et al. Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: is there a role for vitamin D? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;180:65–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.010 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Goodson JM, Shi P, Razzaque MS. Dietary phosphorus enhances inflammatory response: A study of human gingivitis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;188:166–171. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.023 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Goodson JM, Shi P, Mumena CH, Haq A, Razzaque MS. Dietary phosphorus burden increases cariogenesis independent of vitamin D uptake. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2017;167:33–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.10.006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Mallineni SK, Yiu CK. Dental treatment under general anesthesia for special-needs patients: analysis of the literature. J Investig Clin Dent. 2016;7(4):325–331. doi: 10.1111/jicd.12174 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Daher A, Abreu MH, Costa LR. Recognizing preschool children with primary teeth needing dental treatment because of caries-related toothache. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015;43(4):298–307. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12154 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Velan E, Sheller B. Providing dental treatment for children in a hospital setting. Dent Clin North Am. 2013;57(1):163–173. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2012.09.003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]