Table 1.

Low-energy shock wave therapy studies

Low-energy shock wave therapy	Conditions	Biological effects	References number
In vivo studies	Wound-healing disturbances, tendinopathies, and non-healing bone fractures	Activation of angiogenic pathways with local release of trophic mediators	[72-77]
	Myocardial infarction in animal models	Improvement of vascularization at the infarction border zone; Mobilization of endogenous progenitor cells from bone marrow into the systemic circulation and to the damaged myocardium; Increase in VEGF gene and protein expression with endothelial cell proliferation	[82-88]
	Human severe coronary artery disease or severe angina	Improvement of myocardial ischemia and chest pain	[89-90]
	Human acute myocardial infarction	Suppression of left ventricular remodeling and enhancement of myocardial function	[91]
	Spinal cord injury in rats	Induction of endogenous neural stem cells and functional improvement	[96]
	Diabetic bladder dysfunction in rat model	Improvement of voiding function; Enhancement of innervation and vascularization	[97]
In vitro studies	Adipose- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells	Induction of osteogenic differentiation	[92-94]
	Murine adipose derived stem cells	Stem cell proliferation and migration in an Erk1/2-dependent fashion	[81,95]