Table 2. Associations between measured and self-reported walking speed and socio-demographic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics of Hertfordshire Cohort Study participants.
| Association between walking speed and each characteristic ‡ | Measured walking speed* | Self-reported walking speed† | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||
| Estimate (95% CI) | P | Estimate (95% CI) | P | Estimate (95% CI) | P | Estimate (95% CI) | P | ||
| Age (yrs) | 0.42 (0.23,0.61) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.34,0.66) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.06,0.47) | 0.012 | 0.24 (0.06,0.42) | 0.008 | |
| Height(cm) | -0.77 (-1.23,-0.32) | 0.001 | -0.56 (-0.92,-0.21) | 0.002 | -0.22 (-0.72,0.28) | 0.393 | -0.29 (-0.68,0.10) | 0.140 | |
| Weight (kg) | 0.98 (0.05,1.92) | 0.040 | 2.88 (2.08,3.67) | <0.001 | 2.61 (1.60,3.62) | <0.001 | 5.02 (4.19,5.86) | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.57 (0.29,0.84) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.03,1.61) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.62,1.21) | <0.001 | 2.03 (1.73,2.34) | <0.001 | |
| Age left education (<15 yrs) | 1.34 (1.09,1.65) | 0.005 | 1.35 (1.14,1.60) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.02,1.58) | 0.030 | 1.09 (0.91,1.31) | 0.347 | |
| Ever smoked | 1.32 (1.13,1.55) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.96,1.25) | 0.164 | 1.24 (1.05,1.46) | 0.013 | 1.04 (0.91,1.20) | 0.552 | |
| High alcohol intake § | 1.07 (0.89,1.29) | 0.481 | 0.83 (0.64,1.09) | 0.180 | 1.13 (0.93,1.39) | 0.224 | 0.66 (0.49,0.89) | 0.007 | |
| Hypertension | Unadj | 1.28 (1.10,1.48) | 0.001 | 1.38 (1.21,1.57) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.32,1.85) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.10,1.45) | 0.001 |
| Adj | 1.17 (1.00,1.37) | 0.056 | 1.18 (1.02,1.35) | 0.024 | 1.43 (1.20,1.70) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.86,1.17) | 0.973 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | Unadj | 1.21 (0.99,1.48) | 0.067 | 1.26 (1.01,1.58) | 0.039 | 1.52 (1.22,1.90) | <0.001 | 1.72 (1.34,2.21) | <0.001 |
| Adj | 1.17 (0.94,1.44) | 0.161 | 1.11 (0.88,1.42) | 0.374 | 1.53 (1.21,1.94) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.20,2.06) | 0.001 | |
| Fracture since 45 yrs age | Unadj | 1.11 (0.81,1.52) | 0.517 | 0.87 (0.74,1.02) | 0.080 | 0.95 (0.68,1.34) | 0.783 | 0.92 (0.78,1.10) | 0.373 |
| Adj | 1.19 (0.85,1.66) | 0.307 | 0.85 (0.71,1.00) | 0.055 | 1.02 (0.71,1.45) | 0.929 | 0.96 (0.79,1.16) | 0.649 | |
| Diabetes | Unadj | 1.51 (1.22,1.87) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.91,1.30) | 0.345 | 1.61 (1.29,2.01) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.11,1.65) | 0.003 |
| Adj | 1.29 (1.03,1.62) | 0.026 | 0.91 (0.75,1.10) | 0.321 | 1.35 (1.06,1.71) | 0.013 | 1.04 (0.83,1.29) | 0.756 | |
| Bronchitis | Unadj | 1.20 (0.83,1.74) | 0.337 | 0.91 (0.67,1.24) | 0.555 | 1.70 (1.13,2.54) | 0.010 | 1.20 (0.86,1.68) | 0.281 |
| Adj | 1.10 (0.74,1.61) | 0.645 | 0.91 (0.66,1.26) | 0.587 | 1.57 (1.04,2.37) | 0.031 | 1.26 (0.88,1.80) | 0.206 | |
| Low SF-36 PF ‖ | Unadj | 2.22 (1.79,2.75) | <0.001 | 2.71 (2.24,3.27) | <0.001 | 3.48 (2.70,4.47) | <0.001 | 4.78 (3.74,6.10) | <0.001 |
| Adj | 2.04 (1.63,2.55) | <0.001 | 2.50 (2.04,3.07) | <0.001 | 3.32 (2.56,4.32) | <0.001 | 4.32 (3.34,5.57) | <0.001 | |
| Systems medicated | Unadj | 1.20 (1.12,1.28) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.15,1.26) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.22,1.40) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.18,1.31) | <0.001 |
| Adj | 1.15 (1.07,1.23) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.09,1.21) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.18,1.36) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.12,1.26) | <0.001 | |
Estimates of association per standard deviation slower measured walking speed
Estimates of association per slower band of self-reported walking speed
Estimates of association are regression coefficients (95% CI) from linear regression models with walking speed as the predictor variable and each of age, height, weight and BMI as the outcome variable in turn. Estimates corresponding to systems medicated illustrate the multiplicative increase (95% CI) in this characteristic, obtained from log-linear regression models. For the remaining characteristics, the estimates are odds ratios (95% CI) for presence versus absence of the attribute as estimated from logistic regression models.
High weekly alcohol intake of ≥22 units per week among men and ≥15 units per week among women
Sex-specific score of ≤75 for men and ≤60 for women on the SF-36 physical functioning (PF) domain
Unadj and Adj indicate whether or not models were adjusted for potential confounding variables. Adjusted models accounted for age, height, weight for height residual, age left education, smoking status and weekly alcohol intake.