. 2019 Jun 10;116(26):12758–12766. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902406116

Table 1.

Baseline demographic characteristics and ZPG conditions

	Baseline				Stationarity				Variance		Covariance
Population		r, %	e₀	TFR	Z^q	e₀^q	Z^m	TFR^m	Z^σ	Z_n^σ	Z^Σ	Z_n^Σ
Small-scale human societies
Ache	H	2.64	37.4	8.2	2.23	17.9	0.46	3.8	48	94	16	23
Agta	H	0.50	21.2	6.9	1.12	18.3	0.86	6.0	22	49	8.3	26
Hadza	H	1.38	34.7	6.2	1.51	22.9	0.67	4.2	35	NA	13	NA
Hiwi	H	0.39	27.1	5.5	1.12	24.3	0.90	5.0	18	23	6.5	115
Ju/’hoansi	H	0.17	33.9	4.3	1.06	32.2	0.95	4.1	12	15	4.9	2.3
HG mean LH	*	1.12	29.7	6.2	1.38	21.5	0.73	4.5	32	NA	12	NA
Aborigine	A	1.66	49.7	4.3	2.30	28.2	0.65	2.8	30	NA	11	NA
Gainj	F	0.26	31.1	4.3	1.12	28.7	0.92	3.9	17	32	6.7	6
Tsimane	F	3.81	42.8	9.2	3.23	14.9	0.34	3.1	52	84	18	34
Yanomamo	F	3.30	40.7	7.9	2.49	16.4	0.43	3.4	39	68	14	13
Herero	P	0.47	50.3	3.3	1.34	42.2	0.88	2.9	18	103	6.5	31
Human LH	*	1.65	34.8	6.0	1.70	21.4	0.63	3.8	37	NA	13	NA
Wild chimpanzees
Gombe	E	−1.36	15.5	6.4	0.75	19.8	1.38	8.9	−14	−5.0	−3.3	NA
Kanyawara	E	0.94	20.4	7.9	1.22	16.9	0.79	6.3	12	NA	2.7	NA
Mahale	E	−0.39	14.0	6.9	0.93	15.3	1.10	7.5	−7.5	NA	−1.8	NA
Ngogo	E	3.31	33.6	7.9	2.54	14.9	0.43	3.4	22	NA	5.1	NA
Taï	W	−9.64	8.2	7.5	0.34	20.4	>2	14.9	−35	−1,769	−10	−1.5
Mean LH (r < 0)	*	−3.67	10.6	6.9	0.57	18.5	2.00	13.8	−23	0.0	−5.6	0.0
Mean LH (r > 0)	*	2.15	25.8	7.9	1.69	16.2	0.58	4.6	18	0.0	4.1	0.0
Mean LH (all)	*	−1.29	14.2	7.3	0.80	17.6	1.35	9.9	−14	0	−3.3	0

Population labels: H: hunter-gatherer, A: acculturated hunter-gatherer, F: forager-horticulturalist, P: pastoralist; E: East African, W: West African chimpanzees. Baseline reflects observed rates: population growth (r, percent), life expectancy (e₀, years), total fertility rate (TFR, live births per surviving mother). Stationarity conditions show scaling factor Z^q, Z^m applied to mortality, fertility resulting in associated e₀^q, and TFR^m, respectively. Variance describes the force of stochasticity that would drive ZPG via stochastic noise (as a multiple of cross-population variance) applied to all rates (Z^σ), or relative to the variance estimated across the time-series available for each population n (Z_n^σ). Covariance shows the scalar multiple of cross-population covariance yielding ZPG when applied to all rates (Z^Σ), or based on within-population covariance (Z_n^Σ). Negative covariance scalars (Z^Σ < 0) indicate cases where positive correlations must be reversed to drive ZPG. Composite populations (*) use mean vital rates for H, all humans, chimpanzees (r < 0; r > 0; all). NA indicates no longitudinal data are available.