1. Exposure and outcome in simulation studies.

Study ID	Exposure						Outcome
	Agent	Name	Solution	Amount	Additions	Expo method	Detection	Photographs	Measure
Bell 2015	fluorescent	Glogerm, Tide, Bright Dyes Orange Dye	water	100 mL	oatmeal, chocolate powder, crushed cereal	100 mL splashed on the front torso of their garment	UV LED black light, chauvet	yes	contaminated yes/no
Gleser 2019	fluorescent	Schulke	?	5 mL	no	distributed equally on the gloves	UV box	no	hand contamination (yes/no)
Guo 2014	fluorescent	Glogerm	oil and water	?	no	sprayed 3.8 g of the lotion onto the upper body of the subject at a distance of 60 cm from the subject	UV scan	no	number of stains
Hall 2018	fluorescent	VIOLET‐tool	water, glycerol	800 mL (blue UV)	flour, salt	manikin vomited, produced diarrhoea, sweat and cough	UV‐A strip lights	yes	yes/no and location (n = 12)
Mana 2018	fluorescent	?	?	0.5 mL	no	rubbed over gloved hands; then contaminated front of the gown	Ultra light UV1	no	any contamination yes/no
Strauch 2016	fluorescent	Glogerm	oil	25 mL	no	1.brushed on masks 2. 1 mL on the hands	UV‐A light	yes	contaminated yes/no; intensity of UV light reflection
Tomas 2016	fluorescent	?	?	0.5 mL	no	rubbed over gloved hands	Ultra light UV1	no	contaminated hands/wrist yes/no
Wong 2004	fluorescent	?	water	100 mL	no	sprayed the exposed part with an atomiser (subjects were blindfolded during this process)	UV scan	yes	number of stains
Zamora 2006	fluorescent	Detection Paste	?	100 mL	no	paste on forearms and palms of the hands	UV lamp	no	areas measured
Buianov 2004	microbes	?	10^8 CFU/m3	?	?	?	?	?	?
Casanova 2012	virus	MS2	10^5 PFU /5 muL	25 muL	?	shoulder, respirator, eye protection, hand 5 drops of 5 muL	swabs of face and hands; extraction gloves, scrubs	na	any contamination yes/no; mean Log10 PFU recovered
Casanova 2016	virus	MS2, Phi6	10^8 MS2, 10^7 Phi6 / 5 muL	25 muL	?	hand, shoulder, face‐shield, boot	swabs of face and hands; extraction gloves, scrubs	na	any contamination yes/no
Mana 2018	virus	Phi X174	10^8 PFU/0.5 mL	0.5 mL	?	rubbed over de gloved hands for 10 sec	swabs of hands and wrist; swabs of neck and chest	na	any contamination yes/no; mean Log10 PFU recovered
Tomas 2016	virus	MS2	10^10 PFU /0.5 mL	0.5 mL	?	gloved hands were inoculated	swabs of hands and wrist	na	contaminated hands/wrist yes/no; mean log10 PFU recovered

na = not applicable

MS2 = harmless virus

Phi6 = harmless virus

CFU/PFU = colony forming units/ plaque forming units

muL = microliter

mL = milliliter