Table 3.
Factors associated with willingness to use daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru (2018).
| Variable Variable | Brazil | Mexico | Peru | ||||
| Bivariate models, ORa (95% CI) | Multivariate model, AORb (95% CI)c | Bivariate models, OR (95% CI) | Multivariate model, AOR (95% CI)c | Bivariate models, OR (95% CI) | Multivariate model, AOR (95% CI)c | ||
| Age (years) | |||||||
|
|
18-24 | Ref.d | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
|
|
25-35 | 1.11 (1.02-1.21) | 0.95 (0.86-1.06) | 1.06 (0.93-1.21) | 0.84 (0.71-0.98) | 1.32 (1.10-1.59) | 1.06 (0.85-1.34) |
|
|
≥36 | 1.13 (1.01-1.25) | 0.97 (0.86-1.10) | 0.95 (0.81-1.11) | 0.81 (0.66-0.99) | 1.47 (1.13-1.93) | 1.36 (0.97-1.90) |
| Color (nonwhitee vs white) | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 1.01 (0.93-1.10) | N/Af | N/A | 0.88 (0.70-1.09) | —g | |
| Monthly incomeh | |||||||
|
|
Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
|
|
Middle | 1.20 (1.11-1.31) | 1.08 (0.99-1.19) | 1.05 (0.90-1.23) | 0.99 (0.84-1.18) | 1.37 (1.12-1.66) | 1.28 (1.02-1.63) |
|
|
High | 1.31 (1.16-1.47) | 1.27 (1.10-1.46) | 1.11 (0.96-1.28) | 0.92 (0.78-1.11) | 1.51 (1.14-2.01) | 1.20 (0.84-1.71) |
| Schooling (any postsecondary education vs ≤ secondary education) | 1.15 (1.07-1.25) | 0.99 (0.90-1.08) | 1.24 (1.09-1.41) | 1.07 (0.92-1.26) | 1.19 (0.96-1.46) | 0.86 (0.66-1.12) | |
| Steady partner (yes vs no) | 1.06 (0.97-1.16) | — | 1.14 (1.01-1.30) | — | 1.05 (0.87-1.27) | — | |
| HIV testing (at least once lifetime vs never) | 1.48 (1.34-1.63) | 1.12 (1.00-1.25) | 1.42 (1.25-1.61) | — | 1.36 (1.12-1.66) | — | |
| Use of apps for sexual encounters | |||||||
|
|
Never | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
|
|
Sometimes | 1.06 (0.91-1.23) | — | 1.38 (1.13-1.70) | 1.15 (0.90-1.47) | 1.32 (1.05-1.66) | 1.18 (0.91-1.53) |
|
|
Daily | 1.39 (1.20-1.62) | — | 1.84 (1.48-2.28) | 1.34 (1.04-1.73) | 1.65 (1.29-2.11) | 1.34 (1.01-1.78) |
| HIV risk perceptioni | |||||||
|
|
Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
|
|
Middle | 1.38 (1.26-1.53) | 1.18 (1.06-1.31) | 1.34 (1.18-1.51) | — | 1.34 (1.11-1.63) | 1.32 (1.06-1.63) |
|
|
High | 1.99 (1.71-2.31) | 1.53 (1.30-1.80) | 1.75 (1.43-2.14) | — | 1.83 (1.36-2.46) | 1.58 (1.14-2.19) |
| Preliminary eligibility for PrEPj (yes vs no) | 1.62 (1.50-1.76) | 1.33 (1.22-1.46) | 1.47 (1.32-1.65) | 1.29 (1.13-1.47) | 1.20 (1.00-1.44) | — | |
| Number of male sexual partnersk (>5 vs ≤5) | 1.55 (1.44-1.68) | 1.19 (1.09-1.30) | 1.60 (1.40-1.83) | 1.18 (1.01-1.38) | 1.42 (1.17-1.71) | — | |
| Sex under alcohol usek (yes vs no) | 1.16 (1.07-1.26) | — | 1.17 (1.03-1.33) | — | 1.08 (0.89-1.30) | — | |
| Chemsexk (yes vs no) | 1.24 (1.12-1.38) | — | 1.48 (1.25-1.76) | — | 1.44 (1.09-1.92) | — | |
| PrEP awareness (yes vs no) | 1.98 (1.82-2.14) | 1.66 (1.52-1.81) | 2.37 (2.11-2.66) | 2.05 (1.79-2.34) | 2.03 (1.70-2.42) | 1.84 (1.51-2.26) | |
| Anticipated risk compensation (yes vs no) | 1.48 (1.34-1.63) | 1.32 (1.18-1.47) | 1.37 (1.19-1.57) | 1.37 (1.17-1.59) | 1.24 (1.02-1.52) | — | |
| Barriers: Information, mean (SD) | 0.94 (0.93-0.95) | 0.95 (0.94-0.97) | 0.97 (0.96-0.99) | — | 1.03 (1.01-1.06) | 1.05 (1.01-1.08) | |
| Barriers: Behaviors, mean (SD) | 0.93 (0.92-0.94) | 0.95 (0.94-0.96) | 0.92 (0.90-0.93) | 0.94 (0.92-0.95) | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) | 0.95 (0.92-0.98) | |
| Barriers: Believes, mean (SD) | 0.95 (0.94-0.95) | 0.97 (0.96-0.98) | 0.93 (0.91-0.94) | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) | 0.95 (0.92-0.97) | |
| Facilitators, mean (SD) | 1.07 (1.06-1.08) | 1.09 (1.08-1.10) | 1.07 (1.05-1.08) | 1.11 (1.09-1.12) | 1.07 (1.05-1.09) | 1.11 (1.08-1.14) | |
aOR: odds ratio.
bAOR: adjusted odds ratio.
cVariables with P<.01 in bivariate models were included in the initial multivariable model. Variables with P<.05 were kept in the final multivariable models, excepted for age, monthly income, and schooling defined a priori for all countries, and race only for Brazil; statistically significant associations at P<.05 in italics. Region did not remain in the final multivariate models and bivariate analysis is not shown.
dRef.: reference.
eBlack, Asian, Native American, or Mix race.
fN/A: not applicable.
gNot statistically significant.
hFor Brazil, we considered the number of minimum wages in the family monthly income: low ≤3, middle 4-10, high >10 (monthly minimum wage in 2018 was 954 BRL=US $250, currency from June 2018). For Peru, we considered individual monthly income, categorized by number of minimum salaries: low ≤3, middle 4-10, high >10 (monthly minimum wage in 2018 was 850 PEN=US $265). For Mexico, we considered individual monthly income, categorized by number of minimum salaries: low, from no income to <3, middle 3-4, high ≥ 5 (monthly minimum wage in 2018 was 2686 MXN=US $141).
iIn the next 12 months.
jAdapted from the WHO criteria for pre-exposure prophylaxis, which included the following: unprotected anal sex with a male or trans partner, sex with an HIV-positive partner, sex work, or STI diagnosis; all in the past 6 months.
kDuring the previous 6 months.