Table 1. Participants’ demographic characteristics and scores on cognition, activities of daily living, and frailty status, stratified by level of formal education in months (n = 540). São Carlos, Brazil, 2014.
| Total (N = 540) |
No education (n = 145)a |
12-24 months
of education (n = 113)b |
25-48 months
of education (n = 282)c |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (min 60; max 98), Means (95 CI)±1 | 72.1 (71.4-72.7) | 75.5 (74.0-77.0) | 70.9 (69.5-72.3) | 71.0 (69.9-71.6) | |
| Sex (male), % #1 | 44.1 | 42.8 | 42.5 | 45.4 | |
| Setting (rural), % #2 | 75.0 | 89.0 (0.3: 0.2-0.5) | 69.0 (1.0: 0.6-1.7) | 70.2 (1.0) | |
| Living with someone in marital-like relationship, %#3 | 89.1 | 82.1 (2.3: 1.3-4.3) | 92.0 (0.9: 0.4-2.1) | 91.5 (1.0) | |
| Occupation, % | Retired | 63.9 | 68.3 | 54.0 | 65.6 |
| Retired with casual work | 12.0 | 11.7 | 10.6 | 12.8 | |
| In full-time work | 5.6 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 7.1 | |
| Doing unpaid work | 18.5 | 17.2 | 30.1 | 14.5 | |
| Cognition: MMSE (max score 30) Means (95 CI)±2 | 21.00 (20.6-21.4) | 17.0 (16.3-17.9) | 20.1 (19.3-21.0) | 23.3 (22.9-23.8) | |
| Proportion of older adults who scored below cut-off (MMSE), % | 44.3 | 73.1 | 60.2 | 23.0 | |
| IADL: Lawton & Brody Index (max score 21) Means (95 CI) ±3 | 16.6 (16.2-16.9) | 14.6 (13.9-15.3) | 17.4 (16.7-18.0) | 17.2 (16.8-17.7) | |
| IADLs: totally dependent, % | 4.3 | 6.49 | 2.7 | 3.5 | |
| IADLs: partially dependent, % | 75.0 | 82.1 | 75.2 | 71.3 | |
| Frailty criteria (n of factors max 5) Means (95 CI)±4 | 1.7 (1.6-1.8) | 2.2 (1.9-2.4) | 1.7 (1.4-1.9) | 1.5 (1.4-1.8) | |
| Frail, % | 27.6 | 40.0 | 29.2 | 20.6 | |
| Pre-frail, % | 52.2 | 46.2 | 52.2 | 55.3 | |
| Non-frail, % | 20.2 | 13.8 | 18.6 | 24.1 | |
±
ANOVA one-way:
±1
F = 19.2; p < 0.01; a≠b, a≠c, b = c.
±2
F = 104.1; p < 0.01; a≠b, a≠c, b≠c.
±3
F = 23.8; p < 0.01;a≠b, a≠c, b = c.
±4
F = 11.5; p < 0.01; a≠b, a≠c, b = c.
#
Pearson Chi-square test.
#1
Stat = 0.4; p = 0.812; a = b, a = c, c = b.
#2
Stat = 20.6; p < 0.01; a≠b, a≠c, b = c.
#3
Stat = 10.0; p < 0.01; a≠b, a≠c, b = c.
MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination. IADLs: instrumental activities of daily living.